Test Flashcards
Cover the 7 Lectures that are being tested in the Mid Sem Test (143 cards)
1
Q
What is Freud’s theory on repression?
A
Freud thought that traumatic events were banished from consciousness, (even if we wanted to remember them) until we could ‘deal’ with them. But the effects of the trauma ‘seep’ into everyday life - depression etc. He also thought recovered memories would be in prisitne condition
2
Q
What was on the ‘symptom’ lists that therapists said were symptoms of childhood abuse.
A
Depressive Symptoms, anxiety, being scared or hacing phobias, sexual difficulties, sens of failure or helplessness.
3
Q
What are the risks of Dangerous Therapy? (4) list and description
A
Preconcieved ideas of repression and abuse rates -that they are higher than actuality.
Confirmation biases and specific hypothesis testing - the patient offers ‘evidence’ that is theory consistent with abuse rates.
Plausability enhancing Evidence - therapists see what patients say as ‘evidence’
Adopting and cinfiming belief in abuse - trying to ‘uncover’ memory after patient and therapist agree that something has happened.
4
Q
According to Pope & Hudson, what three things are considered Evidence for Repression and Recovery? e.g what do we need to prove -
A
- Proof that the abuse did take place.
- There was a period of time that was forgotten and inaccessible for some time.
- That the memory was later remembered.
5
Q
Name the Three types of Memory Studies
A
Retrospective
Prospective
Case Studies
6
Q
What is involved in a retrospective studies
A
Individuals interviewed TODAY about past / history of abuse. Asking people to look back.
7
Q
What is involved in a Prospective Study
A
Individuals with a documented history of abuse were interviewed many years later about their life.
8
Q
In the Loftus and Pickerell, ‘Lost in the Mall’ study, what percentage of participants developed false memories
A
25%
9
Q
What is the offending peak. Who found it?
A
Where crime rate is at highest accross ages Moffitt discovered an offending peak at 15-20 years old.
10
Q
What could explain the Offending Peak?
A
Prevalence - The number of new PEOPLE willing to offend. - All new people.
Incidence - The same people are offending but are committing MORE crimes.
11
Q
What did Moffitt conclude accounted for the offending peak
A
Prevalence. More new people without a history (or future) of crime were willing and did offend during their 15-20s year of age.
12
Q
What is imagination inflation? Who found this?
A
Garry et al. (1996). After giving a confidence rating, participants were asked to imagine something and then give the confidence rating again. After imagining, the confidence that it occurred to them increased. So imagination inflation is the significant increase in confidence that an event occurred.
13
Q
How do we know that people believe the false memories we give them. (4)
A
1- People are genuinely surprised when debriefed.
2 - In other times in study, they are willing to say that they are making something up.
3- They were willing to say they can’t remember true events
4 - They cameup with reasons they would not be able to remember other parts of memory
14
Q
Lindsay et al. 2004 ‘Real Photo’ Study
A
With half of particiaptns took place in false narrative paradigm, half given genuine photo as an additional cue for a false event. 45% in ‘narrative only’ formed false memories. 78% of those in ‘photo + narrative’ formed false memory. So a genuine photo even if not depicting the event, increases the likelihood of people forming false memories.
15
Q
Wade et al. 2002. Doctored Photo Study
A
Given Doctored Photo among Genuine Photos. Over 3 interviews, 50% of participants formed partial or false memory.
16
Q
Braun et al 2002 Disney Bugs Bunny + Mickey Mouse Study
A
After watching AD for Disney that included Bugs Bunny OR Mickey Mouse. Relative to controls, participants confidence that they had shaken hands with the character at Disney Increased. Bugs Bunny not at Disney so we know that subjects are wrong
17
Q
Recipe for a False Memory
A
1- Suggestion
2 - Plausibility, Belief and Memory Construction. These are all interactive an influence each other. If you start to condtruct a false memory then more likely to believe it.
3 - Source Monitoring Error (misattribute it to something that genuinely happened)
Result - False memory
18
Q
Loftus and Pickrell 1995 ‘The False Narrative Paradigm’ - lost in the mall
A
4 childhood events - 1 false. interviewed three times up to three weeks apart - guided imagery instructions. 25% rememebered and described false event.
19
Q
False Memories for Trauma have burden for proof
A
That trauma did occue and memeory for the trauma exists.
20
Q
Evidence for Repression
A
Williams - Prospective study of sexual abuse when younger. WOmen interviewed 3 times arounf 17 years later. 38% did not mention abuse. Interpreted as repression but many reasons may not report - normal childhood amnesia (10 months? noone remembers that) its not fun to talk about etc. Participants not directly asked about abuse.
21
Q
Pezdek, Finger, Hobbs
A
Found Jewish students more likely to form false memory of taking part in a jewish ritual than a Catholic ritual. Vice Versa for Catholic student and Jewish event. False memories have to be plausuble.
22
Q
DRM Paradigm
A
Given list of words to remember then do an activity and asked to recall words. Researchers are looking for a ‘critical lure’ word that not said but very closely associated which is evidence for false memory
23
Q
Clancy et al (2002) Study design
A
Looked at alien abductee claims. Three groups of paritcipants - control - those who believed they had recovered memory of alien abduction and those who bleieved that had repressed memory of alien abduction
24
Q
Clancy (alien abductee DRM study)
Results
A
Found those who claimed to have recovered or repressed memoreis of alien abductions were more prone to falsely recall items. False recall related to magical ideation, depressive symptoms. Similar findings observed for women who report Recovered Mmeories od abuse
25
McNally et al
Found that 60% of abductees had physiologcal reaction consistent with real PTSD when listening to alien abduction event. We can't untangle False and True Memories
26
False Memory Conclusions
No research to support that traumatic memories can be repressed and then uncovered later. We can definitely forget one thing one day and remember it the next, which could also be a significant event but we can't repress it.
We know that using techniques that older therapists used we can create false memories. We cannot tell the difference between real and false memories.
27
Classical School of Criminology
Whe given the option of right and wrong - people choose to behave wrongly. Emphasises free will and hdeonisim. - Punishment fits the CRIME.
28
Positivist School of Criminology
Punishment must fit the CRIMINAL. Seeking to understand crime through data analysis and scientific method. Emphasise the factors that could lead to criminal behaviour - could be psychological, sociological biological etc
29
Sociological Theories of Criminal Behaviour -believe
Crime results from social and culutral forces that exist prior to crime being committed.
30
Structural Theories of Criminal Behaviour.
Dysfunctional social arrangements prevent people from achcieving goals in a legitimate way - Poor Education, Unemployment, Financial Hardship, Disorgansied Communities. STRUCTURE of SOCIETY
31
Subcultural Theory of Criminal Behaviour
Falling in with the wrong crowd. Criminal Behaviour occurs because different behavioural norms are held by different groups. Groups pressure memebtet to deviate from the norm that underlie criminal law
32
Difference between other theories of criminal behaviour and social-psychological Theories
Social Psychologcal Theories atempt to bridge the gap between environmentalisim - individualisim of psychological and biological theories. Propse that crime is leanred through social interaction. Social Psychological Theories differ on what is leaenred and how it is learned
33
Name the Social Psychological Theories
Learning - Social Learning, Control - Conditioning,
34
Learning Theories
People Learn to commit crime - in the absence of learning they won't commit a crime. - Bandura - cosial learning
35
Control Theories
People have to learn NOT to commit crime - if they didnt learn not to, they would commit crime
36
Psychological Theories believe
Crime results from personality attributes that are uniquel possessed - abotu individual personallities
37
Psychoanalytic theroy of Crime (Freud)
Three Parts of Psyche - the ID, SUPEREGO and EGO. ID pushes bad behaviour, SUPEREGO, the morality componant and the EGO - reality that tries to negotiate between the two. Crime occurs when the EGO can't control the ID.
38
Psychopathy
Dual Model - 1. Neurologically unable to experience fear and anxiety normal people do. 2. Inability to control impulses for doing innapropriate things - ID. Its difficult to treat and no motivation or desire to be rehabiliated.
39
Sensation Seeking
Amygdyla - fear response does not show activity in situations that other people do. They have high level of tolerance for stimulation
40
Biological Theories of Crime
Genetic Influences, etc play a role in criminal disposition to behaviour. These biological sipositions are transalted intp specific criminal behvaiour through environemnt and social interactions
41
Concordance Rate
The percentage of twins that share the behaviour of interest. If concordance rate for identical twins is higher than fraternal twins, the behaviour is genetically influenced.
42
Cloninger et al found adopted children crime rates and matched to environment and biology
Cloninger found that both biology and environment has effect on criminality but biology has more of an effect. If no criminal parents - adopted or bioloigcal , crime rate was 3%. If adopted parents criminals, then 6%. If bioloigcal parents criminals then 12%
43
DRM -
44
Are some people more prone false memories?
Yes - maybe those with depressive symptoms, and magical ideation. who score lower on DRM
45
Longer DRM lists lead to
more falsely 'remembering' of Critical Lure (which is related to but NOT a part of list that was read out
46
People with repressed and recovered memories of Alien Abductions. (Clancy)
Were more likely to falsely 'remember' Critical Lures in DRM then people who said they had no memory / feeling of alien abductions.
47
What else did Clancy find out about physiology of people with repressed and recovered memories of alien abductions
Depressive symptoms, magical ideation, dissociative experiences, absorption. - similar for women who report recovered memories of sexual abuse.
48
Can we untangle false and true memories
Not really. McNally treid to measure physioloigcal responses like sweating etc, from control and 'abductee's. Howver 60% of abductees showed physiological responses that are consistent with PTSD. So we can't use this as measure.
49
Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins
Monozygytoc - 1 egg split into two. Share 100% of geneitc material (minus mutations etc). Dizygotic is two pregancies happening at same time. They are siblings so share 50% of gentic material. We can study them to find if environmental and biological factors influence criminality. (they do)
50
What is the MAOA gene
Everyone has an MAOA gener but people with one type are more likely to be violent IF there upbrinign was also Violent.
51
What can get inherited through biology?
'Constitution' predisposition to have like a Physical disposition to be a 'good criminal'.
Neuropsychological abnormalities, jailed popualtion has higher rates of this than not jailed.
Autonomic Nervous system differences -Emotional arousal e.g heartrate. Desensitisation.
Phsyiological differences- hormones testosterone etc.
Personality and Temperamnet differences.
52
Jim found that some part of his biology was similar to the psychopaths he studied. What was it and what can it tell us?
Decreased activity in frontal lobe like psychopaths have. This shows that just having a missing frontal lobe/being predisposed to psycopathy/offending wasnt enough - a mixture of factors.
53
What did moffitt conclude about the Dunedin study when looking at antisocial behaviour.
There are distinct individual differences in teh stabilit yof AntiSocial Behaviour (ASB) over time. Some ASB is temporary and situational. Some ASB are stable and persistent. These two types of ASB means there are two differnet theories.
54
Life-Course Persistent ASB
| How does in manifest - when is it seen
Life-ourse persisitent ASB is seen accorss the lifespan of an individual and accross situations. It's likely Heterotypic COntinuity - continuity of na inferrred trait that is presumes to underlie diverse behaviours. Manifests in different ways accross age and social circumstances. E.g 2 year old might fight and then steal at 8.
55
What puts a child at risk for Life-Course Persisten ASB
Neuropsycholoigcal deficits like language problems and executive controal issues when very young, Maternal durg use, poor nutrition etc,. May manifest as verbal and executive function issues - if this is caught and dealt with, they dont lead to LCP ASB. Alsp Interactional continuity - children with the above issues are not often born into supportive environements.
56
What are the three types of Interaction that develops Life-Course Persistent ASB.
Evocative Interaction
Reactive Interaction
Proactive Interaction
57
What is Evocative Interaction
When our behaviour evokes distinct reactions from others. Like when theres one person in class disliked by everyone
58
What is Reactive Interaction
When we interpret out environment according to our behavioural style - e.g if we are agressive we mistake things as agressive
59
What is Proactive Interaction
When we seek out envirnments that support our own style. e.g their 'tribe'
60
What are the consequences of these LCP ASB interactions- (there are two)
Cumulative Consequences and Contemporary Consequences
61
What are cumulative consequences
A snowball effect where A leads to B and B leads to C and C leads to D
62
What are Contemporary conseqeunces
The same factor influences severla later factors - the same thing has different consequences later in life. A leads to B. A leads to C. A leads to D
63
What are the problem with 'recovered' repressed memories?
They were found to be impossible - Psychologically, Factually, Biologicaly and Geogrpahically.
64
What is Adolesence Limitet ASB
Antisocial teenagers who have no notable history of antisocial behaviour in childhood and no future as antisocial adults.
65
Why does Adolesence Limited ASB start?
Social Mimicry, Maturity Gap
66
Social Mimicry and ASB
mimicing the behavour of a more 'successful' species to gain acces to a valuabel resource - in this case to achive the mature status that LCP ASB teenagers seem to have
67
Adolesence Limited teenagers notice that Life Course Persistent ASB
(Not the list yet)
Do not suffer as much from the maturity gap - the gap between physcially becoming an adult and being able to do adult things.
68
What does the maturity gap access include as attractive to teenagers
Posessions - sexual experience, Freedom from family, decision making, effect on society.
69
How is ASB reinforced for Adolecnecs Limited ASB
By its consequences - damaging parent-child relationships, provoking responses from adults with authority, looking older and tempting fate - which teenagers see as STATEMENTS OF PERSONAL INDEPENDENCE
70
Why dont all teenagers become delinquent
maturity gap doesnt occur - late puberty. They have access to roles respected by adults - allowed to do adult things.
and / or
Lack of exposure to LCP adolecsnt role models - nboth phsycial access but also looking at them and thinking what an idiot. Personality differences
71
Why does Adolesence Limtied ASB stop
Waning motiviation - maturity gap decreases so they don't need to 'prove' anything
Shifiting contingencies - things that looked attractive previously - damaging fmaily connections and provoking police dont seem good anymore.
The presence of options for change. - You know how to behave well which LCP dont- you have a repetoaire of past behaviour to use.
72
Inabu, Reid and Buckley - ideas of Innocent and Guilty suspects
Innocent Suspects will - give concise answers because he has no fear of being trapped - sit upright but NOT rigid.
Guilty Suspects will - fail to make direct eye-contact, be overly polite.
no empirical evidence to back this up
73
What is a False Positive Confession
Confession is given but the suspect is not Guilty.
74
What is a voluntary False confession
Self-incriminating statement that is offered without any external pressure from the police. e.g In Lindhberg baby case. 200 people falsely confessed
75
Why would people false confess
Could be done to protect a friend or relative or a need for fame recognition, acceptance of self punishment.
76
Kassin & Wrightsman - studied confessions - what sort of confessions are there. ( hint hint all false confession types)
Voluntary False Confessions, Coerced Compliant Confessions, Coerced Internalized Confessions
77
What are Coerced Compliant Confessions
Self-incriminating statement that is obtained after intense interrogaton pressures. The suspect KNOWS that he or she is innocent. e.g Central Park Jogger case
78
Why would someone have a Coerced Compliant Confessions
TO escape/avoid an aversive interrogation or gain a promised reward. People make choices that will maximise ther well-being given teh constraints they face. ITS A RESULT OF SHORT-SIGHTED MAKING. Delayed consequences depreciate over time - avoid small negative now in favour of bigger negative later.
79
Fundamental Attribution Error
When we judge others behaviour. Overestimate internal variables and Underestiamte situational factors. We attribute behaviour to person rather than situation.
80
The Reid Technique
Inabu Reid Study
Phsycial room - feels a little trapped. And 9 step procedure to elicit confessions - no matter guilty or not. - The Good Cop, Bad Cop technique (can be the one person). Maximasition and Minimasition Technique.
81
What is a Coerced Internalised Confession
An innocent person subjected to a coercive interogation comes to believe they are guilty. e.g Tom Sawyer case.
82
What would lead to a Coerced Internatised Confessions.
The original memories may be irretrievable and interrogative suggestibility
83
What are common between different Coerced internalised confessions all seem to have two things in common. Two things
1- A vulnerable witness
2- The presentation of false evidence.
84
Kassin et al - False confessions Experiment 1
Aimed to investigate the claim that police investigatirs could identify a false confession. Manipulated two factors - Whether confessions were true or false AND if confessions were presented via audiotape or video recording. Accuracy 54% .Particiapnts more accurate with audio- police man more confident ehn students and students more accurate. Police showed positive guilt bias.
85
What is a positive guilt bias?
When you have a tendency to think a confession is true. They're not seen as 50/50
86
Kassin False confessions - Experiment 2
Participatns told half were confessions and half false. Positive Guilt bias eliminated but this did not increase accuracy or reduce confidence.
87
Kassin & Kiechel - false confession - people falsely confessing
People worked with confederate to type words on computer. Manipulated 2 variables - high or low perceived vulnerability - (fast-paced vs slow paced). and Presence of a 'witness' confederate. Results measured on three things - Compliance, Internalisaton, Confabulation
88
Kassin and Keichel. Computer study. Results. - False Evidence Presentation.
When no presentation of false evidence - around half of people complied. More when fast -paced than slow paced (vulnerability). A little are internalised. People cna relatively easily be led into confessinf something that they didnt do.
When false evidence presented - almost everyone complied. around half internalised and quite a bit confabulated. More compliance then internalised then confabulation and all have more when vulnerable.
89
Explain Compliance, Internalisation and Confabulation
Confabuilation - adding new details.
Internalistion - believing that you did it - told another confederate that you did it
Compliance - agreeing to sign and take blame but we dont know if they actually believe it.
90
Confessions increase as a function of
Vulnerability
91
Russano et al - false confessions - working with confederate.
Participants either cheated at requiest of confederate. half didnt. All participants accused of cheating. Two interrogation factors manipulated - minimisation or no minimisation.
deal or no deal.
92
Russano - results
When minimisation, deal or combination of the two there is a drastic increase in true confessions but also in false confessions. Diagnosticity - Ratio of true to false confessions decreased with deal, decreased more with minimisation and decreased even more with false confessions. you can be THIS TIMES more sure that its true Still moe likely to be true but not good.
93
Why could innocent people might be vulnerable to confessions?
They believe the truth will prevail. Are more likely to waive their rights. Don't use self-preservation strategies (like not telling something because its sort of odd) . are more likely to confess when told there will be phsycial evidence.
94
Reccomendatiosn to reduce false confessions
Videotape suspect interviews
Reduce police pressure and trickery
Presence of lawyer.
Identification. of vulnerable individuals
Reseach into high stakes onfessions.
95
What is deception
A successful or unsucessful deliberate attempt without forewarning to make another individual belief soentihng that the communicator knows is false
96
Means of detecting deception
Non-verbal, Verbal and Physiological
97
Non-verbal cues to detecting deception - evidence
a 'typical' nonverbal response during deception does not exist. Some nonverbal baheviours are liketo to increase during deception die to 3 processes
98
What are the processes that would increase behaviours during deception
Emotion, Cognitive Load, Attempted Behavioural Control
99
Emotion (deception)
A persons emotional state is likely to influence their nonverbal behaviour.
100
The three emotions asscociated with lying -
guilt, fear and 'duping delight' -
101
Cognitive Load - deception
Telling a lie is not easy - contradictions, plausible etc. What happens to your body. - people slow down - move less because they have to think
102
Attempted Behavioural Control
Liars engage in impression management - want to look like a 'good person'. But this leads to overcontrol - they look weird.
103
Spotting deception
Research shows what changes when lying?
DePaulo et all, Vrii et al..
Concluded 4 behaviours have a change in rate when lying then when telling the truth. Can't be seen with naked eye/ear and is accross huge amounts of people
Voice Pitch and Speech Errors increase.
Finger/hand movements and Illustrater - large waves when talking- go down
104
Memom Vrii and Bull. Looking at non-verbal cues.
55% correctly spot truth tellers. The other 45% are wrongly accused of lying. 55% of liars are correctly spotted. the other 45% of of liars are accused tf telling the truth
105
Why are we bad at spotting deception with non-verbal cues? - just list will be specific later.
People hold false beliefs about indicators of deceit.
People can be taught the wrong cues to deceit.
Empirical Research may send mixed messages.
Inadequete Comparisons
106
False belief about indicators of deceit
People thought gaze aversion, fidgeting and latency periods (talking a long time to reply. When tested and asked what behaviour they were doing when lying - people answered with stereotypes rather than their actual beahviour.
107
People can be taught the wrong cues to deceit.
Kassin and Fong - when trained on Inabu's nonverbal cues to deceit the particiapnts taught acutally did worse than controls when asked to detect lies.
108
Empirical Research may send mixed messages about non-verbal deception
emotion increases nlinking rate but congitive load decreases blinking rate - what do we trust
109
Non-verbal deception with
Inadequate Comparisons
What constitues 'more' or 'less' of a behaviour. Of course within subjects best so its for 'you' but when do we take the 'baseline' to compare to?
110
Verbal cues to deception
Less research than nonverbal. Reseach uses SVA - Statement Valididty Assessment.
111
What is Statement Validity Assessement - SVA made of
Structured Memory Interview
Interview Coded - point wise
Evaluation of Outcome.
112
Criterion- Based Content Analysis
Type of Statement Validity Assessment - originally used for assessing validity of child sexual abuse statements- Looking at content
113
Undeutsch Hypothesis
Statements derived from memory are qualitatively (qualitity like depth) and quantitatively (number wise) differenr than those derives from lies/invention
114
CBCA accuracy for deception detection
76 of truth tellers accurately labelled but that means 24% of truthtellers are believed to be liars. 68% of liars are correctly identified and 32% of liars are identified as truthtellers. Better than non-verbal but still not perfect.
115
Issues with CBCA?
Things other than deception change CBCA scores - e,g Age, Interviewer Style and
Verbal and Social Skills all increase CBCA scores no matter what.
116
Physiological Cues to Deception tested by
The Polygraph, The Control Question Test, The Guilty Knowledge Test,
117
The Polygraph - what does it measure
Physiological activities like blood pressure, sweat, respiration and sweating of the fingers which 'increase' with stress. (''dishonesty'')
118
What is The Control Question Test
Compares responses to RELEVANT QUESTIONS with responses to CONTROL QUESTIONS
119
What are Control Questions and Relevant Questions?
Control Questions are questions to which all examinees are expected to lie - made to stress people out- always based on crime e.g have you ever hurt someone for revenge. They are similar to relevant question. The RELEVENT Question is the question which we expect only the guilty to suspect lies - e.g ' did you kill Him on Tuesday'
120
The idea behind Control Question Tests for truthtellers.
CONTROL Questions- based on crime but not specific -the quesiton that everyone is expected to lie about. WILL FREAK TRUTH TELLERS out because they know it will make them look sort of guilty - HIGHER AROUSAL . In contrast, the RELEVANT QUESTIONS - where only the guilty person is suspected to lie will not freak out the TRUTHTELLERS - LOWER AROUSAL (arousal read on polygraph)
121
Idea behind Control Question Test for LIARS
Liars will have higher arousal when asked about the RELEVANT Questions because they are lying (compared to truthtellers) .
They will have LOWER arousal at the control questions compared to the truthtellers.
122
Graph of Control Question Test
Higher arousal
HUGE X
Lower Arousal
Control to Right, Relevent to Left
Left to Right X - where down to up are the LIARS and
Left to right where starts at top and goes down is TRUTHTELLERS.
123
Statistics on Control Question Test
73% of truthtellers accurate (27 not) 87% LIes accurate (13 not)
124
Why does the Control Question Test Fail.
False positives likely when innocent suspect is nervous
Countermeasures taken by suspect
125
What are countermeasures and examples
When suspects try to infleunce polygraph outcomes in order to 'pass'. Attempt to increase arousal (because its impossible to lower arousal) by tensing foot and increasing cognitive load.
126
Liars with countermeasures on the Control Question Test
have the same direction as truth tellers- just to a much higher scale. and place on the scale doesnt matter - just the slope. And this slope is correct for some.
127
Honts etc about Control Question Test- what did they do
Stimulated theft - three groups. Innocent, Guilty Untrained. Guilty Trained in countermeasures. All get Polygrpah control question test.
128
Honts Control Question Test results
although innocent suspects still came out on top in 'passing' the polygraph, training resulted in increasing the performance in the CQT test. Compared to untrained participants - over twice as many trained passed. Which also means compared to untrained particiapnts, ust under half as many trained participants failed.
129
What is the Guilty Knowledge Test
examines whether suspects possess knowledge about a crime that they don't want to reveal. - asking suspect - where did we find her? kitchen, bathroom? (arousal shoudl increase when they recognise the correct info)
130
Comparing Control Question Test to Guilty Knowledge Test (both on Polygraph)
Control Question Test correctly identifies more liars but Guilty Knowledge Test identifies more truth tellers.
131
Why does the Guilty Knowledge Test fail?
Limited Applicability
- the test designer nees to know the ansewr, innocent suspects shouldnt know the answer (but might), the guilty person NEEDS to know the answer (and may not like left something at the crime scene and didnt know)... The suspect could have guilty knowledge but deny guilt.
132
General Problems with Lie Detection
There is No Pinocchio Test
no reliable giveaway when lying
133
Difference Between Field Research and Lab Knowledge
Field research - high stakes, serious crimes - ground truth problems - we can never really know - conviction does not mean guilty . Lab research - low stakes, non-serious crimes, no ground truth problems - we know if true or not
134
Othello Error
Liars and Truthtellers may experience the same processes (emotion etc), so they mighe respond similarly to measures aimed at detecting deception. They may react the same -truthtellers fear being wrongly accussed while liars fear guilt
135
So what tests are the least affected by Othello Error (detecting deception)
Verbal
136
False belief is not going to behave like a 'guilty' person.
137
Targeted Interviewing (detectign deception)
Interviewing in a way that truthtellers and liars SHOULD differ. Trying to make liars stick out more.
138
Example of targeted interviewing when assumption is lying is more demanding than truthtelling.
Example - we know that deception is more demanding than truth telling - solution place suspects under additional cognitive load e.g ask them to tell their story in reverse order) which would try to make liars stick out more
139
Example of targeted interviewing if assumption is liars prepare themselves for an interview
1- ask suspect unanticipated questions
2- ask anticipated questions in unanticipated format - e.g can you draw this
140
Prefrontal cortex
good idea or bad idea, inhibition, impuslisvity
141
Brain scanning for Detecting Deception- hypothesis and also what are we looking for.
Hypothesis - brain activity when lying could differ from brain activity when telling the truth. looking for increased activation when lying - prefrontal cortex and Anterior Gyrus.
142
Example of minimisation
Good cop - i know it could be an accident - it happens etc.
143
What is maturity gap
Gap between physically being an adult and being able to do adult things
