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Question 1

What are the main differences between a centipede and a millipede?

Answer 1

Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment and are carnivorous, while millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment and are primarily detritivores/scavengers.

Question 2

What material composes arthropod exoskeletons?

Answer 2

Chitin.

Question 3

How are pedipalps used in arachnids?

Answer 3

Pedipalps are used for sensing the environment and in some species, they are modified for mating or feeding.

Question 4

What fabric is produced from a substance made by arthropods?

Answer 4

Silk, produced by spiders.

Question 5

What enables male moths to locate females from a great distance?

Answer 5

Sensitive antennae detect pheromones, which are chemical signals.

Question 6

Define mimicry in biological terms.

Answer 6

Mimicry is an adaptation where one organism resembles another to gain an advantage, such as avoiding predators.

Ex- Viceroy butterflies and Monarch butterflies.

Question 7

What is the function of the green gland in crustaceans?

Answer 7

The green gland is involved in excretion and osmoregulation/salt regulation.

Question 8

What is the function of the malpighian tubule?

Answer 8

Malpighian tubules are excretory structures that help in the removal of waste and regulation of water in arthropods.

Question 9

What are the jaw-like appendages of crustaceans called?

Answer 9

Mandibles.

Question 10

What term describes a fused head and chest region in arthropods?

Answer 10

Cephalothorax.

Question 11

Define visceral mass in mollusks.

Answer 11

The visceral mass is the part of a mollusk that contains the internal organs.

Question 12

What structure lies next to the nerve cord on the ventral side of an earthworm?

Answer 12

Ventral blood vessel.

Question 13

How do muscles control the movement of an earthworm?

Answer 13

Muscles contract and relax in waves, allowing the earthworm to elongate and shorten, facilitating movement.

Question 14

What are the internal walls that divide earthworm segments called?

Answer 14

Septa.

Question 15

Which mollusk has the most advanced nervous system?

Answer 15

The octopus.

Question 16

To which subphyla does the horseshoe crab belong?

Answer 16

Chelicerata.

Question 17

What respiratory structure links spiders to their aquatic ancestors?

Answer 17

Book lungs.

Question 18

In which organism have pedipalps evolved into claws?

Answer 18

Scorpions.

Question 19

What are the stages of complete metamorphosis?

Answer 19

Egg, larva, pupa, adult.

Question 20

What are the stages of incomplete metamorphosis?

Answer 20

Egg, nymph, adult.

Question 21

What is a spiracle?

Answer 21

A spiracle is an external opening that leads to the respiratory system in insects.

Question 22

Define ganglia in the context of nervous systems.

Answer 22

Clusters of nerve cells.

Question 23

What is the main purpose of setae in earthworms?

Answer 23

Setae help in locomotion by anchoring the worm to the substrate.

Question 24

What is the function of nephridia and where can they be found?

Answer 24

Nephridia are excretory organs found in annelids that help remove waste from the body.

Near pharynx.

Question 25

Which mollusk has a closed circulatory system?

Answer 25

Cephalopods, such as squids and octopuses.

Question 26

Name an animal that lacks a coelom.

Answer 26

Flatworms.

Question 27

What is the difference between bilaterally symmetrical and radially symmetrical animals?

Answer 27

Bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into mirror-image halves along one plane, while radially symmetrical animals can be divided along multiple planes through a central axis.

Question 28

Why would an earthworm die if its skin lost all of its water?

Answer 28

Earthworms rely on moisture for gas exchange through their skin; dehydration would prevent respiration.

Question 29

What adaptation makes filter-feeding unnecessary for squids?

Answer 29

Squids have a beak and tentacles for active predation.

Question 30

What is the difference between setae and parapodia?

Answer 30

Setae are bristle-like structures for traction, while parapodia are fleshy extensions used for movement and respiration.

Question 31

How does a leech affect its victim?

Answer 31

Leeches attach to their host and secrete anticoagulants to feed on blood.

Question 32

Define coelom.

Answer 32

A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.

Question 33

Define pseudocoelom.

Answer 33

A pseudocoelom is a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm.

Question 34

What is the adaptation of insects that causes them to resemble plants or other animals?

Answer 34

Mimicry.

Question 35

What is the hard, outer protective covering on arthropods?

Answer 35

Exoskeleton.

Question 36

What are the chemical signals used by insects for communication?

Answer 36

Pheromones.

Question 37

What are the jaw-like appendages that help crustaceans chew and crush food?

Answer 37

Mandibles.

Question 38

What is the change young insects undergo as they develop into adults?

Answer 38

Metamorphosis.

Question 39

What are the anterior-most fang-like appendages of spiders called?

Answer 39

Chelicerae.

Question 40

What appendage do spiders use to hold food?

Answer 40

Pedipalps.

Question 41

What are small holes that lead into the respiratory system of uniramians?

Answer 41

Spiracles.

Question 42

Describe the mechanism of movement within an earthworm.

Answer 42

Movement is achieved through coordinated contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles, allowing the worm to extend and contract.

Question 43

What is the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

Answer 43

An open circulatory system has blood that is not always contained within vessels, while a closed system has blood contained within vessels.

Question 44

In what ways is a closed circulatory system beneficial to predators?

Answer 44

It allows for more efficient transport of oxygen and nutrients, supporting higher metabolic rates needed for active predation. ## Footnote If an animal with a closed system were punctured it would not bleed out.

Question 45

Describe the differences between oligochaeta and polychaeta.

Answer 45

Oligochaeta have few setae and are mostly terrestrial, while polychaeta have many setae and are primarily marine.

Question 46

What characteristic of the Hirudinea led to the belief that bleeding was a cure in the 16th century?

Answer 46

Hirudinea (leeches) are blood-feeding parasites, leading to the belief that they could remove 'bad blood' from patients.

Question 47

List two positive and two negative effects that arthropods have on humans and the environment.

Answer 47

Positive: Pollination and decomposition. Negative: Crop damage and disease transmission.

Question 48

What are the three common characteristics of all arthropods?

Answer 48

Jointed appendages, exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and an open circulatory system.

Question 49

Give three examples of uniramian communication.

Answer 49

Pheromones, sound production, chemoreception.

Question 50

Classify the following as a crustacean, uniramian, or chelicerate: crab, ant, spider.

Answer 50

Crab - crustacean, ant - uniramian, spider - chelicerate.

Question 51

Explain the structural difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom and give an example of an animal for each.

Answer 51

A coelom is fully lined by mesoderm (e.g., earthworm), while a pseudocoelom is partially lined (e.g., roundworm).

Question 52

What are the cycles of complete and incomplete metamorphosis?

Answer 52

Complete: Egg -> Larva -> Pupa -> Adult; Incomplete: Egg -> Nymph -> Adult.

Question 53

List and define three different types of skeletons and give an example of an animal for each.

Answer 53

Endoskeleton - hard internal structure (e.g., humans); exoskeleton - hard outer shell made of chitin (e.g., crabs); hydrostatic skeleton - composed of soft tissue filled with fluid (e.g., jellyfish).

Question 54

Describe the difference between a primitive digestive tract and a complex digestive tract and give an example for each. | primative= One way Complex= Two way

Answer 54

A primitive digestive tract has a single opening (e.g., hydra), while a complex digestive tract has two openings (e.g., humans).

Question 55

Define radial and bilateral symmetry, including directional references.

Answer 55

Radial symmetry allows infinite division into similar halves around a central axis (e.g., starfish), while bilateral symmetry allows division into mirror-image halves along one plane (e.g., humans).

Question 56

What is the order of the digestive tract of a worm?

Answer 56

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, and anus.

Question 57

What are the four classes of mollusks?

Answer 57

Chitons, gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.

Question 58

What is a characteristic of chitons and an example?

Answer 58

Marine mollusks, similar to snails or limpets, but with a unique armor-like shell made of eight overlapping plates. ## Footnote Ex- Lepidochitona cinerea. (Gray chitons)

Question 59

What is a characteristic of gastropods and an example?

Answer 59

One-piece shell (snails and conchs), unshelled slugs; aquatic snails respire by gills, terrestrial snails have a modified mantle and open circulatory system. ## Footnote Ex- sea slug, snail.

Question 60

What is a characteristic of bivalves and an example?

Answer 60

Soft-bodied marine animals that have two shells, called valves, that they can open and close. ## Footnote Ex- oyster and clam.

Question 61

What is a characteristic of cephalopods and an example?

Answer 61

A marine animal characterized by a well-developed head and a group of arms or tentacles attached to it. ## Footnote Ex- squid, octopus.