test Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is the definition of demographics?
The study of the growth and changes in the human population
All aspects of social change are centered around human populations.
What does BR stand for in population statistics?
Birth rate - Lives per 1000 people
What does DR stand for in population statistics?
Death rate - Deaths per 1000 people
What is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?
NIR = BR - DR
What does IR represent in population statistics?
Immigration rate - Number of immigrants per 1000
What does ER represent in population statistics?
Emigration Rate - Number of emigrants per 1000 people
How is the Net Migration Rate (NMR) calculated?
NMR = IR - ER
What is the Population Growth Rate (PGR)?
PGR = (BR - DR) + (IR - ER)
What are the three age categories in population pyramids?
- Pre-reproductive - 0-14
- Reproductive - 15-44
- Post-reproductive - 45+
What impact does industrialization have on child mortality and life expectancy?
Child mortality goes down and life expectancy goes up
What is an invention?
Combining elements, materials or ideas to create something new
What is innovation?
Changing or improving upon existing technology or ideas to create something new
What does diffusion refer to in the context of technology?
The spread of a technology or idea from one place or culture to another
What is deviance?
Anything that defies social norms and values
What is a subculture?
A group of people acting in a deviant but similar way, forming their own behavioral norms
Define primary deviance.
Occurs when a person occasionally breaks a norm
Define secondary deviance.
Occurs when people act in deviant ways regularly
What does the social bond theory suggest?
People are more likely to become deviant when they have less ties to society
What is control theory in relation to deviance?
Societies inequities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance
What does differential association theory propose?
Increased contact with deviant individuals will lead to an increase in deviance
List the steps in labeling theory.
- An individual or collective action takes place
- A social reaction occurs
- The act and/or person is labeled as deviant
- Social control
- Label is internalized as a part of self-identity
- Self-fulfilling prophecy (increased deviance)
What are the forms of crime?
- Violent crime
- Property crime
- White collar crime
- Victimless crime
- Discrimination
What are the types of punishment?
- Deterrence
- Retribution
- Incapacitation
- Rehabilitation
What are static needs in criminogenic needs?
Needs or characteristics that cannot be changed through therapy or interventions
