Test 2 Flashcards

Question

``` History of Judaism The Crusades (c.1215 CE) ``` First Crusade of 1096

Answer 1

Pope Urban II called for crusade against the Muslims in 1095. The stated goal of the Crusade was to recapture the Holy Land and to ensure safety for Christian pilgrims visiting sacred sites. Pilgrims were being invaded by the Seljuk Turks. In 1097, the crusaders left Constantinople and marched towards Jerusalem, which fell in 1099. The goal of the Crusade had been achieved. In celebration, the crusaders ruthlessly slaughtered all of the Muslim inhabitants of the city. The Jewish community in Palestine was forced to surrender to the new ruler, or face execution.

Answer 2

The events of 1096 temporarily stopped the intellectual and social activity of Ashkenazic (the 9a group of Jews who live in the Rhineland valley and in the neighboring France before the migration eastward to Slavic lands (e.g., Poland, Lithuania and Russia) after the Crusades (11th to 13th century) and their descendants) Two groups formed, both of which harmed the Jews, itinerant preachers and bands of German peasants. Itinerant preachers were only interested in exploiting the Jew financially, demanding money for provisions. The peasant groups engaged in spontaneous violence against the Jews. Jewish community in Speyer, Worms, Mainz were destroyed

Answer 3

After the events in the Rhine in 1906, the Church realized the importance of the reining in the popular armies and protecting the Jews During the Second Crusade, the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, the moving spirit behind the Crusade, condemned anti-Jewish preaching and actions. However, he argued that the Jews were living witnesses to what had happened to Jesus and that their dispersion throughout the world served as proof of their guilt and of Christian redemption (however his arguments were anti-Semitic) The Jews of Europe were motivated by the journeys of Christians to the Holy Land, to make a greater number of pilgrimages themselves to Palestine “The Aliyah of Three Hundred Rabbis” occurred in 1211. This emigration of several hundred rabbis from the Western Europe (mostly France and England) marks the beginning of an active period of Aliyah (immigration to the land of Israel) that continued through the 13th Century

Answer 4

During the reign of Henry III of Castile and Leon (1390-1406) Jews faced increased persecution and were pressured to convert to Christianity The pogroms of 1391 were especially brutal, and the threat of violence hung over the Jewish community in Spain. Faced with the choice between baptism and death, the number of nominal coverts to the Christian faith soon became very great. The first grand inquisitor in Spain was the Dominican Tomas de Torquemada; his name became synonymous with the brutality and torture. Ferdinand and Isabella issued an edict on March 31, 1942, giving Spanish Jews the choice of exile or Baptism; as a result, more than 16,000 Jews were expelled from Spain

Answer 5

- “ to wreck havoc” Pogrom is a Russian word meaning, “ to wreck havoc, to demolish violently.” Historically, the term refers to violent attacks by local Non-Jewish populations on Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries. An organized massacre of a particular ethic group, in particular of Jewish people in Russia or Eastern Europe

Answer 6

The most basic belief of Judaism is Monotheism. A midrash, a Jewish legend, teaches that Abraham’s father was an idol-maker; and one day when Abraham was young, his father left him in charge of the store. Abraham took a wooden club and smashed every idol in the store except for the largest one, and placed the club in its hand. When his father returned and asked Abraham what had happened, Abraham told him that the idols got in a fight, and the largest one smashed all of the smaller ones! His father said, “Do you expect me to believe that an idol can do that? They are just wood and stone. Tell me what really happened!” Abraham responded, “If you really believe that idols are only stone and wood, why do you worship them?”

Answer 7

Another belief of Judaism is that the Jews are the “chosen people.” This does not mean that Jews believe they are better than other people or that people need to convert to Judaism in order to be loved by God. Rather, it means that God chose the Jewish people for the special responsibility of receiving the Torah and observing all of its mitzvot (commandments) and passing the special ethical messages of the Torah to the rest of the world.

Answer 8

Both Judaism and Christianity believe in Messiah. The word Messiah is a Hebrew word which means anointed. In Biblical times the coronation of a new King involved in pouring a small amount of oil on his head, called, anointing. Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah (the name Christ comes from a Greek words meaning Messiah) and that he will return. Christians also believe that the Messiah is the son of God. Jews believe that the Messiah will be a human being, a descendant of King David, who will bring the world to a time of complete peace in which every person will recognize and worship one God. Some Jews also believe that the Messiah will gather all Jews to the land of Israel, the Temple will be rebuilt, and there will be resurrection of the dead.

Answer 9

Originally known as “Abram”, Abraham was entrusted with many of God’s covenants. The first time God spoke to him he said; “I am God Almighty; walk before me, and be blameless. And I will make my covenant between me and you, and will make exceedingly numerous.” God also said, “your wife Sarah shall bear you a son. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him…” God, as well as Abraham, did as promised; the Lord gave sarah the gift of conceiving a child (Isaac) and Abraham continued to establish the covenant.

Answer 10

Abraham is known as the founding father of the Jewish People. He was the first patriarch for the Israelites. He rediscovered monotheism. He had a theory that the world was the work of one creator and shared his beliefs with others. God called Abram to a new land, where God fathered his people. The new country was called “Canaan” God tested Abram’s faith time and time again, before giving him a son, Issac. To indicated his new calling, God changed his name to “Abraham”

Answer 11

Isaac was a miracle child born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age as the fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham. Isaac is the second of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. Isaac was born in Canaan, and was the only patriarch who did not leave. He was also the only patriarch to not have his name changed. Isaac was supposed to be sacrificed for God, by Abraham. But Abraham was stopped and he was told it was another test from God (known as the Binding of Abraham)

Answer 12

When Isaac was 40 years old, his father (Abraham) sent for a man to find Isaac a wife. The man chose Rebekah. Isaac thought Rebekah was barren as they were not able to have a child. Isaac began to pray to God for her and they eventually conceived when Isaac was 60 years old. Rebekah gave birth to twin boys - Jacob and Ishmael (Esau) Jacob became the heir.

Answer 13

Jacob was one of Isaac and Rebekah’s sons. Jacob was the youngest of the twins Isaac wanted to give his son Ishmael his birthright blessing. Jacob deceived his father and brother and received the blessing instead. He tricked Ishmael into signing ove his birthright for food and then tricked Isaac into giving the blessing to him. When Ishmael found out he was heartbroken and wanted to kill Jacob. He promised to kill him once their father had died. Jacob fled, to avoid being killed, to a place called Haran.

Answer 14

Jacob eventually married Rachel and Leah He worked for 7 years to marry Rachel, but on the day of the wedding, Rachel and Leah’s father placed Leah under the veil as she was the older sister. The next day when Jacob found out, he was upset. The father said he could marry Rachel too; if he worked another 7 years for him. He worked a total of 14 years to marry Rachel. They had 12 sons and 1 daughter Jacob’s name was eventually changed to “Israel” Father to Joseph

Answer 15

Moses is a highly regarded figure in Jewish scripture. He lived about 500 years after Abraham. When Moses was alive the Jews were slaves in Egypt. Moses became their leader. Moses was approached by God at the “Burning Bush”, where the lord gave him a mission- he was to lead God’s people out of Egypt. Moses showed the Pharaoh his powers with the ten plagues brought on by God.

Answer 16

Moses rescued the Jews from slavery in Egypt (These are the events remembered at Passover). This escape is known as the “Exodus” Moses crossed the Red Sea and the Ten Commandments were established. The Ten Commandments were made to help the Jewish people with God’s law. To help them keep the covenant. Moses took the Jews back to Canaan (The Promised Land) Jews continued to live in this area for hundreds of years For the most Part they were ruled by Kings.

Answer 17

When David was a boy, he was a shepherd. He is known for killing the giant - Goliath. He killed him with the stone and sling he used to protect the sheep. When David grew up, he became King. Israel’s second King. At the time the country was small, poor and poorly organized - King David changed all this. David had a plan he wanted to build the first Temple of Judaism, but God refused his offer and in return made a promise/covenant with him; indicating that David’s son (Solomon)would build the temple.

Answer 18

Solomon was King David’s son. He was chosen King over all his older brothers. Solomon believed in wisdom and was known to be wise. He was originally named Jedidiah, which means “Beloved of God” but God told David that his son’s name should be Solomon, which means “peaceful” Solomon built the original temple in Jerusalem to provide a place for worship of God. It soon became the spiritual centre for the Kingdom, however in 586 BCE it was destroyed by the Romans.