Test 2

Question 1

What type of message framing is better for illness prevention behaviors?

Answer 1

Loss frame messages are better

• When presented as a loss frame message, people will tend to act more risk-seeking and will choose tto engage with the illness prevention behavior such as getting a mammogram or gettting a COVID test.

Question 2

What type of message framing is better for health promotion behaviors?

Answer 2

Gain frame messages are better

• When presented as a grain frame message, people will tend to act more risk-avoidant. They might see the potential gains that may prevent an illness and will be more likely to engage with health promotion behavior such as exercise or getting a vaccine.

Question 3

What kind of health behaviors have the potential for losses as they might help find a disease?

Answer 3

Illness prevention behaviors (e.g., getting a COVID test, HIV test, mammogram)

Question 4

What kind of health behaviors have the potential for gains as they might prevent an illness?

Answer 4

Health promotion behaviors (e.g., exercise, getting a vaccine)

Question 5

“Dentists recommend flossing as essential for promoting healthy teeth and great breath”

This message framing would work better for which type of people?

Answer 5

Approach-oriented people

• People who actively seek out positive and good things

Question 6

“To avoid the kiss of death and gum disease, floss! Dentists recommend flossing as essential for preventing bad breath and unhealthy gums”

This message framing would work better for which type of people

Answer 6

Avoidance-oriented people

• People who actively try to avoid negative things

Question 7

Approach-oriented people should prefer what kind of message framing?

Answer 7

Gain-framed messages

Question 8

Avoidance-oriented people should prefer what kind of message framing?

Answer 8

Loss-framed messages

Question 9

What are the three ways that people respond to threatening health information?

Answer 9

1. Change their health behavior
2. Deny the health information
3. Affirm the self-alternative domain

Question 10

In the Belluz J. (2016), what are the health communications, what are the habits recommended by the government?

Answer 10

• Eating well
• Exercising
• Avoiding smoking
• Checking for body fat

Question 11

What are some of the stark findings of the Belluz J. (2016) article on health communications and healthy habits?

Answer 11

• 2.7% of Americans engaged in the four healthy behaviors.
• Only 38% of Americans had a healthy diet
• Fewer than half (47%) were sufficiently active – exercising.
• 10% had a normal body fat level
• Fewer than 3% managed all four healthy behaviors
• 11% of Americans engaged in none of the behaviors

Question 12

What positive finding was found about healthy habits in the Belluz J. (2016) article?

Answer 12

70% of adults in the study reported themselves as non-smokers.

Question 13

What are the three rules of Coronavirus communication based on the NY Times video?

Answer 13

1. Build trust
2. Know your audience
3. Think long-term

Question 14

What effective intervention strategies were used in the Stanford 5-city study?

Remember that this relates to the Health Behavior Change Lecture 1

Answer 14

The study used these strategies:

2. Targeted multiple and appropiate levels
3. Was intense in size and scope

Question 15

What are the two types of peer pressure?

Answer 15

1. Active Peer Pressure
   - Make an actual demand
   - E.g: “Have a drink or you’re a loser”
   - Not so common
2. Passive Peer Pressure
   - Internalized norm
   - E.g: You notice that cool kids drink
   - Very common

Question 16

Why might the D.A.R.E invervention not work?

Answer 16

-It’s not based on theory and it has a faulty understanding of how peer pressure works because it focuses on active per pressure which is not that common.

Question 17

Prevention that keeps someone from starting something unhealhty/getting and illness is…?

Answer 17

Primary prevention

• People haven’t started the behavior and you want to intervent early

Question 18

Prevention that intervenes early to stop a behavior before it gets worse/ reduces the damage that an ilness causes is…?

Answer 18

Secondary prevention

• People have already started the behavior and you want to stop it before it gets worse

Question 19

An example of primary prevention?

Answer 19

Abstinence pledges

Question 20

An example of secondary prevention?

Answer 20

Cigarette labeling

Question 21

Do abstinence pledges work?

Answer 21

Abstinence pledgers were less likely to use birth control.

5 years later, there were no differences on premarital sex, tdS, frequency of life partners, anal sex.

Question 22

What is one example of intervention that works to prevent teen pregnancy?
What is one example of an intervention to prevent teen pregnancy that does not work?

Answer 22

Birth control works.

• Free ong-temr birth control
• Teen birth rate and abortion rate by 40%

Baby simulator programs don’t work

Question 23

What are some premises on the 7th strategy that says t that effective interventions that are ethical?

Answer 23

• Control group should have access to invervention (largged baseline design)
• Consider self-sustaining intervention strategies – to go on and on.
• Consider whether you’re doing more harm than good

Question 24

The 8th strategy for effective intervention are interventions that are appropiate for individual’s levels of readiness to change.

Answer 24

Use a stage model (they don’t assume everyone is equally ready for change)

Don’t use a stage model (tailor an invertvention/model to a specific readiness for change)

Question 25

What's the Naive Model of Behavior Change?

Answer 25

1. Provide infromation about the unhealthy behavior. 2. The informration leads people to change their attitudes towards the unhealthy behavior. 3. If people change their attitudes, they will change their behavior.

Question 26

What are the premises of the Health Belief Model? Performing a health behavior depends on...

Answer 26

1. Belief that there is a health threat a. Your general health views b. Beliefs about vulnerability to threat c. Beliefs about severity of threat 2. Belief that a behavior can reduce threat d. Belief that the behavior will work e. Belief that the benefits of the behavior outweigh the risks.

Question 27

What are some of the strenghts of the Health Belief Model?

Answer 27

Strenghts of the Health Belief Model: - Includes useful constructs - Focuses on people's beliefs (it is a subjective model)

Question 28

What are some of the weaknesses of the Health Belief Model?

Answer 28

Weaknesses of the Health Belief Model: - Assumes behavior is rational - Assumes people have the skill to alter behavior - Ignores social context of many health behaviors

Question 29

According to the model Theory of Planned Behavior, what are the 3 predictors of intentions?

Answer 29

- Attitudes - Norms - Perceived Behavioural Control

Question 30

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior model, Attitudes are a function of what?

Answer 30

Attitudes are a function of: a. Beliefs about the otucome of an action (will dieting lead to weight loss?) b. Evaluation of the outcome (is losing weight good?)

Question 31

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior model, Norms are a function of what?

Answer 31

Norms are a function of : c. Perceptions of other's support for that action (do others think I should do the behavior?) d. Motivation to comply with thte wish of other's (do I want to do what others want me to do?)

Question 32

In the Theory of Planned Behavior model, what is Perceived Behavioral Control?

Answer 32

It's one of the predictors for intentions to perform a behavior. It's an individualps belief in her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce a certain outcome. - Refelcts the confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Question 33

What are some strenghts of the Theory of Planned Behavior model?

Answer 33

o Incorportates social aspect of health behaviors o Doesn’t assume people want to be healthy o Includes person’s beliefs about their ability to change

Question 34

What are some weaknesses of the Theory of Planned Behavior model?

Answer 34

o Only predicts intentions, not behaviours | o People don’t always do what they intend to do

Question 35

In the Theory of Planned Behavior model, what are the 2 types of norms?

Answer 35

Descriptive Norm: What other people are doing Example: “85% of people brush their teeth twice a day” "Littering changes the state of the forest" Injunctive Norm: What people think you should be doing Example: “You should brush your teeth twice a day” "Please don't litter"

Question 36

What is most important about the Diffusion of Innovations model of health behavior?

Answer 36

The importance of reference groups or opinion leaders - Opinino leaders influence other people's decisions - They can change norms by doing something new - They exert influence informally, through interactions - Good role models - People look for them for info and advice

Question 37

The Stages of Change Model was a response to the criticisms of the other models? What were these criticisms?

Answer 37

- All people are not equally close to making a change - Some are bout to change - Others have never though about it before - Different strategies will work for people in these different stages

Question 38

What are the 5 stages of change in the Stages of Change model?

Answer 38

1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance

Question 39

What are of the strenghts of the Stages of Change Model?

Answer 39

Strenghts: - Practical: Doesn't force techniques into one theory - Realistic: Recognizes that people can be at different stages

Question 40

What are some of the weaknesses of the Stage of Change model?

Answer 40

Weaknesses: - Doesn't really give any new techniques - People may be in stage for different reasons - Doesn't explain how people can move from one stage to the next

Question 41

In the Self-Regulation Model, what are the 4 self-regulation strategies?

Answer 41

1. Prospective strategies 2. Automated strategies 3. Re-construal strategies 4. Effortful inhibition of temptations

Question 42

What is the focus of the Self-Regulation Model of health behavior?

Answer 42

 They focus on the processes on behaviour change. The processes people go through in setting goals and striving to achieve those goals.

Question 43

The processes that people use to set, puruse, and attain goals is the definition of...? This relates to what model of behavior change?

Answer 43

Self-regulation. Related to the Self-Regulation Model

Question 44

Self-regulation is broken down into two parts. Which are...?

Answer 44

``` GOAL SETTING: - Deciding which goals to pursue - Creating standards for success GOAL STRIVING: - Planning and executing actions - Protecting actions from disruptions/distractions ```

Question 45

What is involved in the prospective strategy (planning) of the Self-Regulation model?

Answer 45

Strategies that you do ahead of time . Think of the challenges/obstacles that might come up and create a course of action that will remove those situations.

Question 46

What's involved in the automatic strategy of the Self-Regulation model?

Answer 46

Making the behavior operate without conscious effort. - Make it into a habit - Make an implementation intention (if-then plans for doing a particular behavior in a particular context)

Question 47

Explain the re-construal strategy of the Self-Regulation model.

Answer 47

Change how you think about the behavior There are COOL CONSTRUALS - Abstract, distanced, high-level, rational - More effective for self-control And HOT CONSTRUALS - Concrete, immediate, low-level, emotional - Less-effective for self-control

Question 48

Explain the fourth strategy of the Self-Regulation Model. 4. Effortful Inhibition of Temptations: Willpower

Answer 48

Use willpower to resist something you want. - They are used when the other three strategies of self-regulation were not used or didn't work. - This strategy fails often: too many things to resist

Question 49

Implementation intentions are part of what strategy of the Self-Regulation model? What are they?

Answer 49

Automatic strategies They are if-then plans fro doing a particular behavior in a particular context