Test 2 Flashcards by Thomas Homonnay

Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV is this true or false

false

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An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome, this is true or false

true

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when looking at a study and wondering if your patient population will match the population of the study this is considered what

external validity

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A multi stage cluster sample is a type of probability sample of a larger population used in survey research. In probability samples each case has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample which are true or false

both true

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the probability of detecting a difference btw treatments in a study when they exist is what

power

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Sensitivity is the probability that a diagnostic test yields a positive result given that the subject actually has the disease. It is possible to measure the incidence of a disease of a population with a cross sectional study Which is true and/or false

First True and Second False

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a disadvantage of repeated measures experimental designs is that subjects act as their own controls. A disadvantage of repeated measures experimental designs is that the order in which treatments are received may effect the outcome of the experiment.

false true

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a statistical analysis of whether the variable is really different from the control is

independent t test

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involves examination of effects of multiple independent variable (2 experimental factors)(mouth rinse tooth paste study)

factorial design

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MOST FREQUENTLY OCCURRING VALUE IN A DATASET, FOR ALL LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Mode

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statistical analysis comparing only 2 groups

t test

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An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome is this statement true or false

true

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a statistical analysis of 3 or more groups or variables

anova

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Surveys typically use convenient samples drawn from a larger population. Typically surveys rely on a respondent’s willingness to participate which may affect the validity and accuracy of their survey which is true or/and false

False True

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which type of hypothesis does not contain an = sign

aka : H1

research hypothesis

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Confounding or extraneous variable decreases the researchers confidence that differences of outcomes are a result of the experimental treatment. The Hawthorne effect is the idea that people change their performance when they are being watched. which is true or false

both true

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same subjects tested under all conditions

Each subject acts as his/her own control; subjects as own
control provides most equivalent comparison group possible

this is an advantage to what type of experiment

advantage to repeated measures

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What is a specific mechanism to dealing with subject attrition?

Protocol should be designed to minimize patient discomfort and maximize compliance

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think there is a difference in null and experimental hypothesis when there really isn’t

false positive

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is info derived from a cross sectional study related to surveys

false

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involves examination of the effects of multiple independent variables

factorial design

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Appropriate for interval or ratio level (countable) data (sometimes ordinal)

mean

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APPROPRIATE FOR DATA AT THE ORDINAL, INTERVAL OR RATIO LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

median

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think there is no difference in null and experimental hypothesis when there really is

false negative

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can experiment can have internal validity but have low external validity

yes

a statistical test where patients are tested both before and after the experiment

paired t test

Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV, is this statement about surveys true or false

false

Used to make inferences from sample data

inferential statistics

Describe the characteristics of some sample. A set of tools that you will need in the process of doing and understanding data analysis.

descriptive statistics

the exam grades of 80 dental students are normally distributed and the mean is 80 and SD is 10 and the Z score is 0

That means you scored 80 on the exam

An active group is what in an experiment

not a placebo, the control works

the inactive control in an experiment is what

the placebo, known not to work

in the box and whiskers plot the dot in the middle of the boxes equals what

the mean

in a positive control ?

subjects are capable of response

Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV. is this statement true or false

false

in an experiment when you split male, female or smokers and non smokers what type is this

block design

Even with a p value less that .05 it is still possible for the null hypothesis to be true, true or false

true

Typically surveys are dependent on willingness of ppl to participate, can mess up validity and accuracy of the responses. Survey samples are typically probability samples drawn from a larger pop

both true

1. In hypothesis testing, null is typically no effect. In P value less than 0.5 always indicates that null hypothesis is false

true, false

a two way interaction occurs in an anova test when?

there is a significant change in the data based on the multiple variables

what are the 6 steps of hypothesis testing

6. MAKE DECISION/ DRAW CONCLUSION 5. PERFORM CALCULATIONS FOR THE STATISTICAL TEST 4. DECIDE ON THE “LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE” () 3. DECIDE ON THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION ON WHICH HYPOTHESIS TEST IS BASED. 2. STATE THE RESEARCH AND NULL HYPOTHESIS 1. STATE THE RESEARCH QUESTION

quasi experiments suffer from what weakness

internal validity

List tufts list of graphical misrepresentation (6)

A. InappropriateScale B. Inappropriate Baseline C. GraphicalDistortion D. Hyping Data E. OmittedData F. Lie Factor

Surveys typically use convenient samples drawn from a larger population. Typically surveys rely on a respondent’s willingness to participate which may affect the validity and accuracy of their survey

False, True

The ability to determine if the observed effect in an experiment is due to the influence of the treatment instead of some other confounding/ extraneous variables is what

internal validity

practice effects and carry over effects are disadvantages to what type of experiment

disadvantage to repatative measures

Descriptive factors attempt to explain occurrence of a disease while identifying causal factors is this true or false

false

A panel study observes a person over time true or false

true

if a hypothesis has =, greater than or equal to, or less than or equal to what hypothesis is it Ho

Null

in the box and whiskers plot what does the middle line represent

median

An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome, is this statement about surveys true or false

true

in a positive skew the graph shifts in which direction, and mean is above what

left, median

in a negative skew the graph shifts in which direction, mean is where

right, below median

the value of the 75th percentile is what type of dispersion

interquartile

what is relationship between experimental groups and outcome variable(s)

statistical association

what is it called when the subjects are exposed to treatment conditions, and then measured on outcome variable.

temporal order

something that is known not to work; demonstrates lack of response , or the placebo

negative control

blocking factors must be related to which variable

dependent

Any influence (variable) which decreases researcher’s confidence that differences in outcomes are the result of experimental treatment!!

extaneous/confounding variable

Any influence which disturbs the equivalence of experimental groups and affects internal validity

selection bias

Treatment is diffused/ shared to a group which is not intended to have exposure to that treatment is called what in an experiment.

diffusion/imatation

what are three types of external validity

subject selection, experiment setting and history

increase in inclusion and exclusion criteria decreases what

external validity

to what degree can you generalize beyond research’s operational definition is called

construct validity

surveys have information from crossectional studies true or false

false

One group changed other not is example of

independent t test

Test 2 Flashcards

(66 cards)