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Nutrition > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

nutrigenomics

A

The effect of dietary

factors on expression of genes

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2
Q

nutrigenetics

A

The effect of genes on the utilization and metabolism of nutrients

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3
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

a common high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups. ATP = A-P~P~P

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy ____ includes all the reactions by which food obtains and and expands the energy from food

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reactions release energy. (Kata = break down)

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6
Q

Anabolism

A

reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. these reactions require energy. (Ana = build up)

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7
Q

Coenzymes

A

complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycosis does not require oxygen. (glyco = glucose, lysis = breakdown)

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9
Q

Aerobic

A

requiring oxygen

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10
Q

Anaerobic

A

not requiring oxygen

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

the cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically made of membranes with enzymes mounted on them. (plural of mitochondrion).

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12
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

a 2-carbon compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached. Acetyl CoA helps in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

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13
Q

TCA Cycle

A

a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

TCA Cycle Steps

A 
Oxaloacetate initiates cycle
• Releases CO2
• Produces 1 ATP
• Generates FADH2 & NADH 
(activated coenzymes) that will go to 
the Electron Transport Chain
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15
Q

Electron transport chain

A

the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.

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16
Q

Cori cycle

A

the pathway in which glucose is metabolized by lactate (by anaerobic glycolsis) in the liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle

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17
Q

Fatty acid oxidation

A

Metabolic breakdown of fatty acids. The fatty acid is activated by CoA causing the cleavage of Acetyl-CoA. This repeats again and again. A little energy is released every time a carbon-carbon
bond is cleaved. The cycle continues until every 2 carbons of the fatty acid
have been converted into 1
Acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle and then the Electron Transport Chain.

Glycerol is converted to Pyruvate.

Result: lots of energy!

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18
Q

Ammonia

A

compound with chemical formula NH3, produced during deanimation of amino acids.

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19
Q

Pyruvate

A

a 3 carbon compound that plays a role in energy metabolism:

acetyl CoA (aerobic)
or  →lactate (anaerobic)
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20
Q

Lactic acid - (aka lactate)

A

a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Also in our blood, where it’s deposited by muscle and red blood cells.

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21
Q

Ketones

A

acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available

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22
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Process of breaking down. energy releasing reactions in which substances are broken down

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23
Q

Examples of Catabolic reactions

A
  • Glycogen to glucose
  • Triglycerides to Fatty acids and Glycerol
  • Protein to Amino acids
  • Usually Energy is released
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24
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Process of building up of compounds. energy-requiring reactions in which simpler molecules are combined to form more complex substances.

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25
Q

Examples of Anabolic reactions

A
  • Glucose to glycogen
  • Fatty acids and glycerol to make Triglycerides
  • Amino acids linked to make protein
  • Usually requires Energy
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26
Q

Irreversible steps of reactions

A

Pyruvate to acetyl

Amino acids to acetyl

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27
Q

Reversible steps of reactions

A

Glucose to pyruvate
pyruvate to lactate
glucose to glycerol
acetyl to fatty acids

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28
Q

Difference between glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids

A

Glucogenic amino acids are used to make glucose while ketogenic amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA.

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29
Q

Ketosis

A

sign that the body’s chemistry is shifting from feasting to fasting. It causes a loss of appetite

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30
Q

One serving of alcohol examples

A

A serving is one drink:

  • 5 ounces of wine
  • 10 ounces of wine cooler
  • 12 ounces of beer
  • 1 1/2 ounces of 80 proof liquor
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31
Q

How alcohol is broken down in the body

A

Liquid soluble. Penetrates cells - it is toxic to cells.

Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine

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32
Q

Enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase is produced in the ______ and ________

A

stomach and liver

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33
Q

Alcohol takes priority in the _____ and damages it as _______ slows down.

A

liver; protein synthesis

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34
Q

Long term alcohol abuse effects

A

Damages fatty liver which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis

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35
Q

Short term alcohol effects on brain

A
  • anesthetizes and kills brain cells

* sedated nerve activity

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36
Q

short term effect of alcohol

A

increased risk of malnutrition

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37
Q

Long term effects of alcohol can include

A
  • Arthritis
  • bone loss
  • cancer - increased risk of cancer in liver, breast, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon and rectum.
  • Heart disease - raises blood pressure , blood lipid and risk of stroke
  • psychological disturbances
  • liver disease
  • damages lung tissue
  • increased risk of malnutrition
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38
Q

energy balance

A

the energy (kcals) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activitie

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39
Q

BMR - (basil metabolic rate)

A

rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.

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40
Q

BMR is expressed in

A

kcals pr kg of body weight per hour

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41
Q

TEF - (thermic effect of food)

A

an estmiation of the energy required to process food. also called specific dynamic effect of food. sum of the TEF and any increaase in metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet induced thermogenisis (DIT)

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42
Q

BMI

A

(body mass index) measure of weight relative to height, determined by dividing weight in kg by square of height in meters.

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43
Q

eucaloric

A

equal number of calories consumed and expended

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44
Q

satiety

A

feeling of fullness and satisfaction after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. determines how much food is consumed during a meal.

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45
Q

leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells. more fat means higher leptin level. stimulates hypothalamus to signal that there are sufficeint energy stores. promotes a negative energy balance. rare in obese people - appears to be a lack of response to leptin

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46
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone from stomach that stimulates the hypothalamus and causes an increase in appetite and decrease in energy expenditure. normally high before a meal; drops after a meal. these levels stay up in obese people.

47
Q

uncoupling protein

A

atp production in brown fat is uncoupled. genetic varients in this protein partially account for variance in wieght. high levels inhibit weight gain and vice versa.

48
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

combination of risk factors - insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blodd lipids and abdominal obesity. greatly increases a persons’s risk of developing coronary heart disease.

49
Q

Avg. BMR activity examples

A 
Sleeping, reclining: BMR x 1.0
	Driving, light activities: BMR 1.5
	Walking, housecleaning: BMR 2.5
	Bicycling, tennis: x 5
	Running, soccer x 7
50
Q

1 pound of weight loss = _____ kcal deficit

A

3500 kcal deficit

51
Q

Skinfold measures

A

only measures sub-cultaneous fat
various locations
uses calipers

52
Q

Bioelectrical impedence

A

low intensity electrical current. electrolyte containing fluide primarily in lean body tissues. Leaner person, less resistance to the current.

53
Q

Hydrodensitometry

A

determines body density. weight person in water. hold breath underwater. estimates body fat

54
Q

Air displacement plethsmography

A
  • (bodpod) measures air displacement by body. allows estimate of body volume. estimates body fat
55
Q

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

A
  • (dexa). low-dose xrays used. can differentiate between fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue. Precise measurements of total fat and distribution in all but extremely obese subjects. Also measures bone density
56
Q

_____ is the gold standard for body composition measurement

A

Whole-body dexa

57
Q

Minnesota Starvation Study design and effects

A

Used conscientious objectors who had been inducted into wartime service. 400 men volunteered to participate as an alternative to military service. 100 were selected.

Control period - controlled diet of 3200 calories each day. Subjects close to ideal weight had diets adjusted to maintain caloric balance.

Semi-starvation period - 6 months. dietary intake cut in half. participants became bony

Restricted rehabilitation period - divided into 4 groups of 8 men. 4 different caloric energy levels

unrestricted rehabilitation period - monitored. proved to be hardest; processing trauma.

results included significant lowering of BMR, reduced body temp, respiration and heart rate.

58
Q

The effect of dietary

factors on expression of genes

A

nutrigenomics

59
Q

The effect of genes on the utilization and metabolism of nutrients

A

nutrigenetics

60
Q

a common high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups. ATP = A-P~P~P

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

61
Q

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy ____ includes all the reactions by which food obtains and and expands the energy from food

A

Metabolism

62
Q

reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reactions release energy. (Kata = break down)

A

Catabolism

63
Q

reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. these reactions require energy. (Ana = build up)

A

Anabolism

64
Q

complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures

A

Coenzymes

65
Q

the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycosis does not require oxygen. (glyco = glucose, lysis = breakdown)

A

Glycolysis

66
Q

requiring oxygen

A

Aerobic

67
Q

not requiring oxygen

A

Anaerobic

68
Q

the cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically made of membranes with enzymes mounted on them. (plural of mitochondrion).

A

Mitochondria

69
Q

a 2-carbon compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached. Acetyl CoA helps in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

A

Acetyl CoA

70
Q

a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms

A

TCA Cycle

71
Q 
Oxaloacetate initiates cycle
• Releases CO2
• Produces 1 ATP
• Generates FADH2 & NADH 
(activated coenzymes) that will go to 
the Electron Transport Chain
A

TCA Cycle Steps

72
Q

the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.

A

Electron transport chain

73
Q

the pathway in which glucose is metabolized by lactate (by anaerobic glycolsis) in the liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle

A

Cori cycle

74
Q

Metabolic breakdown of fatty acids. The fatty acid is activated by CoA causing the cleavage of Acetyl-CoA. This repeats again and again. A little energy is released every time a carbon-carbon
bond is cleaved. The cycle continues until every 2 carbons of the fatty acid
have been converted into 1
Acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle and then the Electron Transport Chain.

Glycerol is converted to Pyruvate.

Result: lots of energy!

A

Fatty acid oxidation

75
Q

compound with chemical formula NH3, produced during deanimation of amino acids.

A

Ammonia

76
Q

a 3 carbon compound that plays a role in energy metabolism:

acetyl CoA (aerobic)
or  →lactate (anaerobic)
A

Pyruvate

77
Q

a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Also in our blood, where it’s deposited by muscle and red blood cells.

A

Lactic acid - (aka lactate)

78
Q

acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available

A

Ketones

79
Q

Process of breaking down. energy releasing reactions in which substances are broken down

A

Catabolic reactions

80
Q
  • Glycogen to glucose
  • Triglycerides to Fatty acids and Glycerol
  • Protein to Amino acids
  • Usually Energy is released
A

Examples of Catabolic reactions

81
Q

Process of building up of compounds. energy-requiring reactions in which simpler molecules are combined to form more complex substances.

A

Anabolic reactions

82
Q
  • Glucose to glycogen
  • Fatty acids and glycerol to make Triglycerides
  • Amino acids linked to make protein
  • Usually requires Energy
A

Examples of Anabolic reactions

83
Q

Pyruvate to acetyl

Amino acids to acetyl

A

Irreversible steps of reactions

84
Q

Glucose to pyruvate
pyruvate to lactate
glucose to glycerol
acetyl to fatty acids

A

Reversible steps of reactions

85
Q

Glucogenic amino acids are used to make glucose while ketogenic amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA.

A

Difference between glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids

86
Q

sign that the body’s chemistry is shifting from feasting to fasting. It causes a loss of appetite

A

Ketosis

87
Q

A serving is one drink:

  • 5 ounces of wine
  • 10 ounces of wine cooler
  • 12 ounces of beer
  • 1 1/2 ounces of 80 proof liquor
A

One serving of alcohol examples

88
Q

Liquid soluble. Penetrates cells - it is toxic to cells.

Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine

A

How alcohol is broken down in the body

89
Q

stomach and liver

A

Enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase is produced in the ______ and ________

90
Q

liver; protein synthesis

A

Alcohol takes priority in the _____ and damages it as _______ slows down.

91
Q

Damages fatty liver which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis

A

Long term alcohol abuse effects

92
Q
  • anesthetizes and kills brain cells

* sedated nerve activity

A

Short term alcohol effects on brain

93
Q

increased risk of malnutrition

A

short term effect of alcohol

94
Q
  • Arthritis
  • bone loss
  • cancer - increased risk of cancer in liver, breast, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon and rectum.
  • Heart disease - raises blood pressure , blood lipid and risk of stroke
  • psychological disturbances
  • liver disease
  • damages lung tissue
  • increased risk of malnutrition
A

Long term effects of alcohol can include

95
Q

the energy (kcals) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activitie

A

energy balance

96
Q

rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.

A

BMR - (basil metabolic rate)

97
Q

kcals pr kg of body weight per hour

A

BMR is expressed in

98
Q

an estmiation of the energy required to process food. also called specific dynamic effect of food. sum of the TEF and any increaase in metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet induced thermogenisis (DIT)

A

TEF - (thermic effect of food)

99
Q

(body mass index) measure of weight relative to height, determined by dividing weight in kg by square of height in meters.

A

BMI

100
Q

equal number of calories consumed and expended

A

eucaloric

101
Q

feeling of fullness and satisfaction after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. determines how much food is consumed during a meal.

A

satiety

102
Q

protein hormone secreted by fat cells. more fat means higher leptin level. stimulates hypothalamus to signal that there are sufficeint energy stores. promotes a negative energy balance. rare in obese people - appears to be a lack of response to leptin

A

leptin

103
Q

hormone from stomach that stimulates the hypothalamus and causes an increase in appetite and decrease in energy expenditure. normally high before a meal; drops after a meal. these levels stay up in obese people.

A

ghrelin

104
Q

atp production in brown fat is uncoupled. genetic varients in this protein partially account for variance in wieght. high levels inhibit weight gain and vice versa.

A

uncoupling protein

105
Q

combination of risk factors - insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blodd lipids and abdominal obesity. greatly increases a persons’s risk of developing coronary heart disease.

A

Metabolic Syndrome

106
Q 
Sleeping, reclining: BMR x 1.0
	Driving, light activities: BMR 1.5
	Walking, housecleaning: BMR 2.5
	Bicycling, tennis: x 5
	Running, soccer x 7
A

Avg. BMR activity examples

107
Q

3500 kcal deficit

A

1 pound of weight loss = _____ kcal deficit

108
Q

only measures sub-cultaneous fat
various locations
uses calipers

A

Skinfold measures

109
Q

low intensity electrical current. electrolyte containing fluide primarily in lean body tissues. Leaner person, less resistance to the current.

A

Bioelectrical impedence

110
Q

determines body density. weight person in water. hold breath underwater. estimates body fat

A

Hydrodensitometry

111
Q
  • (bodpod) measures air displacement by body. allows estimate of body volume. estimates body fat
A

Air displacement plethsmography

112
Q
  • (dexa). low-dose xrays used. can differentiate between fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue. Precise measurements of total fat and distribution in all but extremely obese subjects. Also measures bone density
A

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

113
Q

Whole-body dexa

A

_____ is the gold standard for body composition measurement

114
Q

Used conscientious objectors who had been inducted into wartime service. 400 men volunteered to participate as an alternative to military service. 100 were selected.

Control period - controlled diet of 3200 calories each day. Subjects close to ideal weight had diets adjusted to maintain caloric balance.

Semi-starvation period - 6 months. dietary intake cut in half. participants became bony

Restricted rehabilitation period - divided into 4 groups of 8 men. 4 different caloric energy levels

unrestricted rehabilitation period - monitored. proved to be hardest; processing trauma.

results included significant lowering of BMR, reduced body temp, respiration and heart rate.

A

Minnesota Starvation Study design and effects

Nutrition (2 decks)

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