Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
nutrigenomics
A
The effect of dietary
factors on expression of genes
2
Q
nutrigenetics
A
The effect of genes on the utilization and metabolism of nutrients
3
Q
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
A
a common high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups. ATP = A-P~P~P
4
Q
Metabolism
A
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy ____ includes all the reactions by which food obtains and and expands the energy from food
5
Q
Catabolism
A
reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reactions release energy. (Kata = break down)
6
Q
Anabolism
A
reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. these reactions require energy. (Ana = build up)
7
Q
Coenzymes
A
complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures
8
Q
Glycolysis
A
the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycosis does not require oxygen. (glyco = glucose, lysis = breakdown)
9
Q
Aerobic
A
requiring oxygen
10
Q
Anaerobic
A
not requiring oxygen
11
Q
Mitochondria
A
the cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically made of membranes with enzymes mounted on them. (plural of mitochondrion).
12
Q
Acetyl CoA
A
a 2-carbon compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached. Acetyl CoA helps in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
13
Q
TCA Cycle
A
a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms
14
Q
TCA Cycle Steps
A
Oxaloacetate initiates cycle • Releases CO2 • Produces 1 ATP • Generates FADH2 & NADH (activated coenzymes) that will go to the Electron Transport Chain
15
Q
Electron transport chain
A
the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.
16
Q
Cori cycle
A
the pathway in which glucose is metabolized by lactate (by anaerobic glycolsis) in the liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle
17
Q
Fatty acid oxidation
A
Metabolic breakdown of fatty acids. The fatty acid is activated by CoA causing the cleavage of Acetyl-CoA. This repeats again and again. A little energy is released every time a carbon-carbon
bond is cleaved. The cycle continues until every 2 carbons of the fatty acid
have been converted into 1
Acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle and then the Electron Transport Chain.
Glycerol is converted to Pyruvate.
Result: lots of energy!
18
Q
Ammonia
A
compound with chemical formula NH3, produced during deanimation of amino acids.
19
Q
Pyruvate
A
a 3 carbon compound that plays a role in energy metabolism:
acetyl CoA (aerobic) or →lactate (anaerobic)
20
Q
Lactic acid - (aka lactate)
A
a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Also in our blood, where it’s deposited by muscle and red blood cells.
21
Q
Ketones
A
acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available
22
Q
Catabolic reactions
A
Process of breaking down. energy releasing reactions in which substances are broken down
23
Q
Examples of Catabolic reactions
A
- Glycogen to glucose
- Triglycerides to Fatty acids and Glycerol
- Protein to Amino acids
- Usually Energy is released
24
Q
Anabolic reactions
A
Process of building up of compounds. energy-requiring reactions in which simpler molecules are combined to form more complex substances.
25
Examples of Anabolic reactions
* Glucose to glycogen
* Fatty acids and glycerol to make Triglycerides
* Amino acids linked to make protein
* Usually requires Energy
26
Irreversible steps of reactions
Pyruvate to acetyl
| Amino acids to acetyl
27
Reversible steps of reactions
Glucose to pyruvate
pyruvate to lactate
glucose to glycerol
acetyl to fatty acids
28
Difference between glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids
Glucogenic amino acids are used to make glucose while ketogenic amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA.
29
Ketosis
sign that the body's chemistry is shifting from feasting to fasting. It causes a loss of appetite
30
One serving of alcohol examples
A serving is one drink:
* 5 ounces of wine
* 10 ounces of wine cooler
* 12 ounces of beer
* 1 1/2 ounces of 80 proof liquor
31
How alcohol is broken down in the body
Liquid soluble. Penetrates cells - it is toxic to cells.
Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine
32
Enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase is produced in the ______ and ________
stomach and liver
33
Alcohol takes priority in the _____ and damages it as _______ slows down.
liver; protein synthesis
34
Long term alcohol abuse effects
Damages fatty liver which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis
35
Short term alcohol effects on brain
* anesthetizes and kills brain cells
| * sedated nerve activity
36
short term effect of alcohol
increased risk of malnutrition
37
Long term effects of alcohol can include
* Arthritis
* bone loss
* cancer - increased risk of cancer in liver, breast, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon and rectum.
* Heart disease - raises blood pressure , blood lipid and risk of stroke
* psychological disturbances
* liver disease
* damages lung tissue
* increased risk of malnutrition
38
energy balance
the energy (kcals) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activitie
39
BMR - (basil metabolic rate)
rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.
40
BMR is expressed in
kcals pr kg of body weight per hour
41
TEF - (thermic effect of food)
an estmiation of the energy required to process food. also called specific dynamic effect of food. sum of the TEF and any increaase in metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet induced thermogenisis (DIT)
42
BMI
(body mass index) measure of weight relative to height, determined by dividing weight in kg by square of height in meters.
43
eucaloric
equal number of calories consumed and expended
44
satiety
feeling of fullness and satisfaction after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. determines how much food is consumed during a meal.
45
leptin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells. more fat means higher leptin level. stimulates hypothalamus to signal that there are sufficeint energy stores. promotes a negative energy balance. rare in obese people - appears to be a lack of response to leptin
46
ghrelin
hormone from stomach that stimulates the hypothalamus and causes an increase in appetite and decrease in energy expenditure. normally high before a meal; drops after a meal. these levels stay up in obese people.
47
uncoupling protein
atp production in brown fat is uncoupled. genetic varients in this protein partially account for variance in wieght. high levels inhibit weight gain and vice versa.
48
Metabolic Syndrome
combination of risk factors - insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blodd lipids and abdominal obesity. greatly increases a persons's risk of developing coronary heart disease.
49
Avg. BMR activity examples
```
Sleeping, reclining: BMR x 1.0
Driving, light activities: BMR 1.5
Walking, housecleaning: BMR 2.5
Bicycling, tennis: x 5
Running, soccer x 7
```
50
1 pound of weight loss = _____ kcal deficit
3500 kcal deficit
51
Skinfold measures
only measures sub-cultaneous fat
various locations
uses calipers
52
Bioelectrical impedence
low intensity electrical current. electrolyte containing fluide primarily in lean body tissues. Leaner person, less resistance to the current.
53
Hydrodensitometry
determines body density. weight person in water. hold breath underwater. estimates body fat
54
Air displacement plethsmography
- (bodpod) measures air displacement by body. allows estimate of body volume. estimates body fat
55
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- (dexa). low-dose xrays used. can differentiate between fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue. Precise measurements of total fat and distribution in all but extremely obese subjects. Also measures bone density
56
_____ is the gold standard for body composition measurement
Whole-body dexa
57
Minnesota Starvation Study design and effects
Used conscientious objectors who had been inducted into wartime service. 400 men volunteered to participate as an alternative to military service. 100 were selected.
Control period - controlled diet of 3200 calories each day. Subjects close to ideal weight had diets adjusted to maintain caloric balance.
Semi-starvation period - 6 months. dietary intake cut in half. participants became bony
Restricted rehabilitation period - divided into 4 groups of 8 men. 4 different caloric energy levels
unrestricted rehabilitation period - monitored. proved to be hardest; processing trauma.
results included significant lowering of BMR, reduced body temp, respiration and heart rate.
58
The effect of dietary
| factors on expression of genes
nutrigenomics
59
The effect of genes on the utilization and metabolism of nutrients
nutrigenetics
60
a common high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups. ATP = A-P~P~P
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
61
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy ____ includes all the reactions by which food obtains and and expands the energy from food
Metabolism
62
reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reactions release energy. (Kata = break down)
Catabolism
63
reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. these reactions require energy. (Ana = build up)
Anabolism
64
complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme's activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures
Coenzymes
65
the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycosis does not require oxygen. (glyco = glucose, lysis = breakdown)
Glycolysis
66
requiring oxygen
Aerobic
67
not requiring oxygen
Anaerobic
68
the cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically made of membranes with enzymes mounted on them. (plural of mitochondrion).
Mitochondria
69
a 2-carbon compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached. Acetyl CoA helps in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
Acetyl CoA
70
a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms
TCA Cycle
71
```
Oxaloacetate initiates cycle
• Releases CO2
• Produces 1 ATP
• Generates FADH2 & NADH
(activated coenzymes) that will go to
the Electron Transport Chain
```
TCA Cycle Steps
72
the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.
Electron transport chain
73
the pathway in which glucose is metabolized by lactate (by anaerobic glycolsis) in the liver and then glucose is returned to the muscle
Cori cycle
74
Metabolic breakdown of fatty acids. The fatty acid is activated by CoA causing the cleavage of Acetyl-CoA. This repeats again and again. A little energy is released every time a carbon-carbon
bond is cleaved. The cycle continues until every 2 carbons of the fatty acid
have been converted into 1
Acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle and then the Electron Transport Chain.
Glycerol is converted to Pyruvate.
Result: lots of energy!
Fatty acid oxidation
75
compound with chemical formula NH3, produced during deanimation of amino acids.
Ammonia
76
a 3 carbon compound that plays a role in energy metabolism:
```
acetyl CoA (aerobic)
or →lactate (anaerobic)
```
Pyruvate
77
a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Also in our blood, where it's deposited by muscle and red blood cells.
Lactic acid - (aka lactate)
78
acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available
Ketones
79
Process of breaking down. energy releasing reactions in which substances are broken down
Catabolic reactions
80
* Glycogen to glucose
* Triglycerides to Fatty acids and Glycerol
* Protein to Amino acids
* Usually Energy is released
Examples of Catabolic reactions
81
Process of building up of compounds. energy-requiring reactions in which simpler molecules are combined to form more complex substances.
Anabolic reactions
82
* Glucose to glycogen
* Fatty acids and glycerol to make Triglycerides
* Amino acids linked to make protein
* Usually requires Energy
Examples of Anabolic reactions
83
Pyruvate to acetyl
| Amino acids to acetyl
Irreversible steps of reactions
84
Glucose to pyruvate
pyruvate to lactate
glucose to glycerol
acetyl to fatty acids
Reversible steps of reactions
85
Glucogenic amino acids are used to make glucose while ketogenic amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA.
Difference between glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids
86
sign that the body's chemistry is shifting from feasting to fasting. It causes a loss of appetite
Ketosis
87
A serving is one drink:
* 5 ounces of wine
* 10 ounces of wine cooler
* 12 ounces of beer
* 1 1/2 ounces of 80 proof liquor
One serving of alcohol examples
88
Liquid soluble. Penetrates cells - it is toxic to cells.
Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine
How alcohol is broken down in the body
89
stomach and liver
Enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase is produced in the ______ and ________
90
liver; protein synthesis
Alcohol takes priority in the _____ and damages it as _______ slows down.
91
Damages fatty liver which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis
Long term alcohol abuse effects
92
* anesthetizes and kills brain cells
| * sedated nerve activity
Short term alcohol effects on brain
93
increased risk of malnutrition
short term effect of alcohol
94
* Arthritis
* bone loss
* cancer - increased risk of cancer in liver, breast, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon and rectum.
* Heart disease - raises blood pressure , blood lipid and risk of stroke
* psychological disturbances
* liver disease
* damages lung tissue
* increased risk of malnutrition
Long term effects of alcohol can include
95
the energy (kcals) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activitie
energy balance
96
rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.
BMR - (basil metabolic rate)
97
kcals pr kg of body weight per hour
BMR is expressed in
98
an estmiation of the energy required to process food. also called specific dynamic effect of food. sum of the TEF and any increaase in metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet induced thermogenisis (DIT)
TEF - (thermic effect of food)
99
(body mass index) measure of weight relative to height, determined by dividing weight in kg by square of height in meters.
BMI
100
equal number of calories consumed and expended
eucaloric
101
feeling of fullness and satisfaction after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. determines how much food is consumed during a meal.
satiety
102
protein hormone secreted by fat cells. more fat means higher leptin level. stimulates hypothalamus to signal that there are sufficeint energy stores. promotes a negative energy balance. rare in obese people - appears to be a lack of response to leptin
leptin
103
hormone from stomach that stimulates the hypothalamus and causes an increase in appetite and decrease in energy expenditure. normally high before a meal; drops after a meal. these levels stay up in obese people.
ghrelin
104
atp production in brown fat is uncoupled. genetic varients in this protein partially account for variance in wieght. high levels inhibit weight gain and vice versa.
uncoupling protein
105
combination of risk factors - insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blodd lipids and abdominal obesity. greatly increases a persons's risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Metabolic Syndrome
106
```
Sleeping, reclining: BMR x 1.0
Driving, light activities: BMR 1.5
Walking, housecleaning: BMR 2.5
Bicycling, tennis: x 5
Running, soccer x 7
```
Avg. BMR activity examples
107
3500 kcal deficit
1 pound of weight loss = _____ kcal deficit
108
only measures sub-cultaneous fat
various locations
uses calipers
Skinfold measures
109
low intensity electrical current. electrolyte containing fluide primarily in lean body tissues. Leaner person, less resistance to the current.
Bioelectrical impedence
110
determines body density. weight person in water. hold breath underwater. estimates body fat
Hydrodensitometry
111
- (bodpod) measures air displacement by body. allows estimate of body volume. estimates body fat
Air displacement plethsmography
112
- (dexa). low-dose xrays used. can differentiate between fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue. Precise measurements of total fat and distribution in all but extremely obese subjects. Also measures bone density
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
113
Whole-body dexa
_____ is the gold standard for body composition measurement
114
Used conscientious objectors who had been inducted into wartime service. 400 men volunteered to participate as an alternative to military service. 100 were selected.
Control period - controlled diet of 3200 calories each day. Subjects close to ideal weight had diets adjusted to maintain caloric balance.
Semi-starvation period - 6 months. dietary intake cut in half. participants became bony
Restricted rehabilitation period - divided into 4 groups of 8 men. 4 different caloric energy levels
unrestricted rehabilitation period - monitored. proved to be hardest; processing trauma.
results included significant lowering of BMR, reduced body temp, respiration and heart rate.
Minnesota Starvation Study design and effects
