test 2

Question 1

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Answer 1

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was an attempt to reform and regulate the Catholic church in France.

In July 1790, the National constituent Assembly issued the Civil Constitution of the clergy, which transformed the Roman catholic Church in France into a branch of the secluar state.

It provide for the election of pastors and bishops,

pastors and bishops were now salaried employees of the state.

It embittered relations between the French church and the state, a problem that has persisted to the present day.

The assembly ruled that all clergy must take an oath to support the civil Constitution.

The Assembly designated those clergy who had not taken the oath as “refractory” and removed them from their clerical functions.

February 1791 Pope Pius VI sentenced the civil constitution of the rights of Man and citizens.

French citizens were divided to supprted the constitutional priests and those followed the refractory clergy like royality.

Question 2

Flight to Varennes

Answer 2

June 20 1791, louis and his immediate family, disgusied as servants and left paris. They travled to Varennes.
There the king was recognized and his flight was halted.
Soldiers escorted the royal faimly back to paris.

now the constitutional monarchy might not last long. Profound distrust now dominated the political scene.

Question 3

Sans-culottes

Answer 3

.The lower middle classes and artisans of paris during the french revolution

The second revolultion had been the work of the people of paris known as the sans-culottes. Means “without breech”

They were shopkeepers, artisans, wage earners, and factor workers.

They were not benefited by the revolution, it made there lives even more burdensome. The national conatituent assembly had left them victems of unregulated economic liberty.

Their infulence was most important the sans culotte had gained their political experience in meeting of the Paris sections.

Question 4

Jacobins

Answer 4

The radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins.

A club called jacobins.

they had also establised a network of local clubs throughout the provincess.

they drew their politcal language from the most radical though Rousseaus emphasis on equality, popular sovereignty, and civic virtue.

Question 5

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 5

.”Robespierre was either a tyrant or a servant of the people; a savior of the Revolution or the devil incarnate.

The Estates-General was divided into three parts. First Estate, clergy, Second Estate, Nobility, Third Estate, the commons. Robespierre served in the Third Estate. From the beginning he made his mark, speaking articulately over 500 times in the National Assembly in behalf of the lower classes, defending the rights of Jews, black slaves, actors, opposing the royal veto and religious discrimination.

Robespierre successfully argued for the King’s execution.

dominating the committee public safety, He considered terror essential for the success of the revolution.

virtue without terror is fatal.

Virtue: love of county and it’s laws

Terror: to put fear to have order.

Terror is powerless without viture

Question 6

Girondists

Answer 6

.A group od jacobins known as the girondists assumed leadership of the assembly they were deterimined to oppose the forces of counterrevolution.

emigres to return or suffer the lo0ss of property

clergy to support the civil constitution or lose their state penions.

Girondists led the assembly to declare war on Austria.

The girondists belived the war would preserve the revolution from domestic enemies and bring the most advanced revolutionaries to power.

Question 7

George Danton

Answer 7

was a noted orator, a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety. Danton’s role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed; many historians describe him as “the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic.” A moderating influence on the Jacobins, he was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror who accused him of venality and leniency to the enemies of the Revolution.

Question 8

Émigrés

Answer 8

French aristocrats who fled France during the revolution .

.People who left france France were called Emigres they settled in countries near the french border, where they sought to forment a countererrevoultion.

Question 9

counter-revolutionaries

Answer 9

.The pope and devout Catholics, They were beheaded and people could not talk about.

Question 10

Declaration of Pillnitz

Answer 10

August 27 1791, under pressure from the emigres Emperor Leopold II of austria and King frederick willia, II od Prussia issued the declaration of Pillnitz.

The declaration was to urge european powers to unite and preserve the monarchy if the other major european powers agreed.

It was taken seriously in france, becuase it would undo all that had been accomplided since 1789

Question 11

September Massacres

Answer 11

.The September Massacres refer to murderous riots that erupted in Paris in the autumn of 1792. On September 2nd, gangs of armed sans culottes stormed the city’s prisons and killed between 1,100 and 1,400 prisoners.

Question 12

Paris Commune

Answer 12

revoultion lastest 72 days

that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May 1871. It has been variously described as either Anarchist or Socialist in tenor, depending on the ideology of the commenter.

The Commune put forward a radical social agenda that included separation of church and state, women’s suffrage, abolition of interest on debts, and worker self-management, among others. However, while they appealed to the workers, they were not able to broaden their appeal.

Question 13

Committee for Public Safety

Answer 13

.defened the revoultion

Committee of Public Safety, French Comité De Salut Public, political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror

defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government. Members were elected and served for a period of one month.

(September 1793 to July 1794).

Question 14

Guillotine

Answer 14

.An effective and “painless” way of excuting people. The people of france had morals that no one should suffer.

Antoine Louis a physiolgist made it.

Question 15

Republic of Virtue

Answer 15

.In this republic civic virtue largely understood in terms of Rousseaus soical contract, the sacrifice of ones self and ones interest for the good of the republic would replace selfish aristocratic and monarchical corruption.
Renaming street names to non-royalty.

supported by Maximilien de robespierre

Question 16

De-Christianization

Answer 16

.Republic of terror attemp to de-christianization france. They created a new calander
The cathedral was now known as the “temple of reason” where they reason.

killing preists and nuns.

Question 17

levee en masse

Answer 17

The French revolutionary conscription of all males into the army and the harnessing of the economy for war production.

.The memeber of the committee of public safety in charge of the military began a mobilization for vitcory by issuing a Levee en masse, a military reqisition on the entire population, conscriping males into the army and directing economic production to military purposes

Question 18

Law of Suspects

Answer 18

.A Law that if you were a suspect of being a counter reveultionary will be arrested.
and laws taht will idenficate you as a enemy of the state.

Question 19

Thermidorian Reaction

Answer 19

This temerping of the revolution, called the _____ consisted of the destruction of the machinery of terror and the establishment of a new constitional regime. It resulted from a widespread feeling taht the revlution had become to radical. A fear that the sans culottes had become too powerful.
diminished the committee of public safety,

the paris commune was outlawed
A period
The Thermidorian Reaction was a liberal-conservative counter-revolution that followed the overthrow and execution of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794.

Question 20

National Assembly

Answer 20

The third estate created national assembly It represented the common people of France (also called the Third Estate) and demanded that the king make economic reforms to insure that the people had food to eat.

Question 21

Charles Alexadnre de Callone

Answer 21

Calonne recommended increasing the government’s revenue base by introducing a tax on all land, with no exemptions for the First or Second Estates.

Aware that this proposal would be rejected by the parlements, Calonne instead submitted it to a specially-convened Assembly of Notables. The Notables, however, also rejected it, believing that Calonne was either exaggerating the debt or was himself personally responsible for it.

His plans thwarted, Calonne resigned and went into self-imposed exile in England, which allowed him to survive the revolution. Calonne returned to his native France a month before his death in October 1802.

Question 22

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 22

It was here that the third estate established
the National Assembly, the new revolutionary government, and pledged “not to
separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution
of the kingdom is established”

Question 23

Estates General

Answer 23

The Estates General was the legislative body of France up until the French Revolution. The king would call a meeting of the Estates General when he wanted the advice on certain issues. The Estates General didn’t meet regularly and had no real power.

Political deadlock between the French monarchy

Question 24

Louis XVI

Answer 24

He was a King of France he was convicted Louis of conspiring against tgh liberty of the people and the security of the state. He was beheaded

Question 25

Assembly of Notables

Answer 25

.The Assembly of Notables was an advisory council summoned by France’s king, Louis XVI, during the fiscal crisis of the late 1780s. As its name suggests, it was comprised of significant figures from the First and Second Estates. The king hoped the Notables would endorse the tax reforms proposed by his ministers. Instead, they blocked these reforms and recommended the convocation of the Estates-General.

Question 26

Constitution

Answer 26

. French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. The franchise was restricted to “active” citizens who paid a minimal sum in taxes; about two-thirds of adult men had the right to vote for electors and to choose certain local officials directly. The constitution lasted less than a year.

Question 27

Olympé de Gouges

Answer 27

.She became active in political causes and took up social issues that ranged from road improvement to divorce, maternity hospitals, abolitionism, and the rights of orphaned children and of unmarried mothers, and she wrote prolifically in defense of her ideas. Among her plays was L’Esclavage des noirs (“Slavery of Blacks”), which was staged at the Théâtre-Français. In 1791, as the French Revolution continued, she published the pamphlet Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne (“Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen”) as a reply to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the [Male] Citizen

Question 28

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 28

All men were born and remian free and equal in rights.: Governments are supposts to protect liberty property security and resistance to oppression these rights. Equally admissable to all public dignitites offices and employments according to their capacity and with no other distinction than that of teor virtues and talents" This does not aply to women, slaves or people of colour.

Question 29

Reign of Terror

Answer 29

The period betwwen the summer of 1793 and the end of july 1794 when the french reolutionary sate used extensive executions and violence to defend the revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies. .The Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. Between Sept. 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794, France's revolutionary government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people.

Question 30

Great Fear

Answer 30

.The destruction of legal records and documents and the refusal to pay feudal dues taken food and the burning of chateaux

Question 31

Understand the long-term and short-term causes of the Revolution

Answer 31

.The French revolution had both short term causes and long term causes, the long term causes were Economic, political and social, an example of a long term economic cause is starvation, and that there is too much poverty and people unemployed. The political cause is that Louis XV was a week king who caused Frances financial crisis to slide further into chaos, this caused France to face a financial crisis for centuries. A social cause is that the French had a strict society before the revolution, rich people owned all the land and had privileges and paid little taxes while peasants had to pay many taxes and had only little power, this lasted for many centuries too. Some examples of short term causes are the attack on the Bastille prison, declaration of the rights of man, and peasants uprisings.

Question 32

Know the various stages/events of the Revolution

Answer 32

``` ETNBTDLF Moderate phase (1789-1792) The First Estate General Tennis Court Oath Founding of the National Assembly Storming the Bastille The Great Fear Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens Legislative Assembly was formed France Declares War on Austria ``` ``` NEMRC Radical phase(1792-1794) National Convention is formed Execution of King Louis XVI Maximilien Robespierre rise to power Reign of Terror Committees of Safety ``` ``` DEW conserviate phase (1795-1799) Directory is formed End of Reign of Terror War Continues ```

Question 33

Be able to discuss the role of various people in the Revolution

Answer 33

Charles de. Calonne proposed a daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on land proportional to land values and a lessened tax burden for peasants. The French nobility, however, refused to pay these taxes. Louis XVI, Louis XVI was forced to give in to the demands of the Parlement Of Paris and convene the Estates-General—an action that led directly to the outbreak of the Revolution. Louis XVI was deposed in 1792 and executed a year later. Marie antoinette The wife of King Louis XVI and, in the French commoners’ eyes, the primary symbol of the French royalty’s extravagance and excess. When Marie-Antoinette was executed in 1793, she was dressed in a plain dress, common to the poorest in French society. Maximilien Robespierre A brilliant political tactician and leader of the radical Jacobins in the National Assembly. As chairman of the Committee Of Public Safety, Robespierre pursued a planned economy and vigorous mobilization for war. He grew increasingly paranoid about counterrevolutionary opposition, however, and during the Reign Of Terror of 1793–1794 attempted to silence all enemies of the Revolution in an effort to save France from invasion. After the moderates regained power and the Thermidorian Reaction was under way, they had Robespierre executed on July 28, 1794.

Question 34

Know the impacts/effects of the Revolution on France and on various groups in French society and upon Europe

Answer 34

The Revolution led to the establishment of a democratic government for the first time in Europe. Feudalism as an institution was buried by the Revolution, and the Church and the clergy were brought under State control. It led to the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor of France. The Revolution ended the feudal privileges of the nobles. Serfs were freed. Mandatory offerings to the Church were ended and the government changed from a religious (divine right of kings) to a secular (consent of the people) foundation. The French Revolution had a great and far-reaching impact that probably transformed the world more than any other revolution. Its repercussions include lessening the importance of religion; rise of Modern Nationalism; spread of Liberalism and igniting the Age of Revolutions.

Question 35

Thermidorian reaction

Answer 35

The reaction aganist the radicalism of the french revolution that began in july 1794. As sociated with the end of terror and establishment of the directory.

Question 36

The third Esate

Answer 36

The branch of the French estates General represnting all of the kingdom outside the nobility and the directory