Test #2

Question 1

3 P’s of diabetes

Answer 1

polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia

Question 2

most powerful risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

obesity (abdominal and visceral fat)

Question 3

things that can cause secondary diabetes

Answer 3

Schizophrenia
Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisol released)
Hyperthyroidism
Immuno-suppressive therapy
Parenteral nutrition (IV nutrition)
Cystic fibrosis

corticosteroids
phenytoin (dilantin)
atypical antipsychotics (clozapine)

Question 4

clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes

Answer 4

Nonspecific
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual acuity changes
Painful peripheral neuropathy in the feet

Question 5

administration of insulin

Answer 5

• best absorption - abdomen –> arm –> thigh –> buttock
• do not exercise in the area that insulin is being administered
• rotate sites

Question 6

somogyi effect

Answer 6

• Rebound effect in which an overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
• Usually during hours of sleep
• Counterregulatory hormones released
• Rebound hyperglycemia and ketosis may occur

Question 7

dawn phenomenon

Answer 7

• Characterized by hyperglycemia present on awakening in the morning
• Due to release of counterregulatory hormones in predawn hours
• Growth hormone/cortisol possible factors
• Most common when growth hormones are peaked (more common in younger populations cause of puberty and growth)

Question 8

healthy eating habits for diabetes

Answer 8

1) eating 3 meals per day at regular times; do not go more than 6 hours without eating
2) limit sugars and sweets
3) limit high fat food
4) eat high fibre foods
5) drink water
6) add physical activity

Question 9

alcohol

Answer 9

• High in calories, no nutritive value, detrimental effects on liver
• Can cause severe hypoglycemia
• Limits gluconeogenesis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver)

Question 10

exercise

Answer 10

• increases insulin receptor sites
• lowers blood glucose
• weight loss
• best after meals

Question 11

diabetes - physical exam

Answer 11

• Eyes – vitreal hemorrhages; cataracts; soft, sunken eyeballs
• Integumentary – dry, warm, inelastic skin; pigmented lesions (on legs); ulcers (especially on feet); loss of hair on toes
• Respiratory – rapid, deep respirations
• Cardiovascular – hypotension, weak, rapid pulse, peripheral pulses diminished, feet pale and cool to touch
• Gastrointestinal – dry mouth, vomiting, fruity breath
• Neurological – altered reflexes, restlessness, confusion, stupor, coma, reduced sensation or vibration in feet
• Musculoskeletal – muscle wasting