Test 2 Flashcards

Question

Identify the benefits and problems of an argument by transcendence

Answer 1

Limits: when each side claims no exceptions, there is no room for morals

Answer 2

Five Powers (institutions use these to confer and maintain legitimacy): 1. Power to Reward (those who agree and punish those who don't) 2. Power of control (institutions regulate flow of information and persuasion) 3. Power of identification (institutions have symbols, emblems, values, offices, myths of social order) 4. Power of terministic control (institutions control language--ex newspaper headlines) 5. Power of moral suasion (institutions exert control by operating in the realms of attitudes and emotional attachments) Legitimacy through coactive strategies: - identify with fundamental societal norms and values to transport themselves from the margins of society to the centers where legitimacy resides - ex. Tea Party--freedom and liberty against taxes and tyranny, dumped tea into harbor again - activists rework traditional stories / ideologies Opposite to legitimacy through confrontational strategies: makes society see the social movement as more legitimate than the social order - Saul Alinsky: "make the enemy live up to their own book of rules"--if they break their own rules, they look illegitimate - p.71: "Verbal and nonverbal violence by institutions and militant elements of movements may confer legitimacy on moderate leaders and organizations because they appear to be rational and safe in comparison" SO Booker T. Washington is Coactive, not Confrontational--Power of identification, Moral Suasion

Answer 3

Nature of Leadership (p. 117-121) Leaders as Organizers (Booker T Washington organized Tuskegee Institute, sent money to Black newspapers, challenged Jim Crow laws, built a political machine): - persuade individuals that meaningful relationships and collective action are essential to further a cause - characteristics: curiosity, irreverent, imagination, sense of humor, organized personalities, strong ego but not egotism Leaders as Decision-Makers: - raise funds, work between organizations, deal with leaders with big egos, etc - ppl said MLK ran away from danger or accepted bail when others remained in jail because he had to fundraise and keep the movement together--like Booker T Washington meeting with Teddy Roosevelt and accepting money from elites Leaders as Symbols: - WEB DuBois "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others"--leaders as symbols are rhetorical leaders, and represent their movement that way--Washington targeted as symbol of Black accommodationist movement - poster: Washington is the latest symbol: Lincoln to Douglass to Washington--attempting to take the spot of that symbol from civil rights activists like DuBois

Answer 4

"Languaging Strategies: patterns or methods of language usage that attempt to achieve a specific purpose, goal, or objective" Identification: need for personal coherence and social cohesion; need for division and agreement: "put identification and division ambiguously together" Levels of Identification: - Common ground (most basic): demographic common ground, trade/occupation, etc - looking for notion of "a people" to become one with the movement, sharing common interests, needs, values, and wisdom Identification Tactics (ways to enhance that common ground): - implied "we" - Appearance--ex Washington wearing a suit - Adapting language--ex the poster's language is very academic--uses class/education identification - Content adaptation (use examples that listeners/readers easily understand) - Identify with moral symbols/revered documents of society--poster does American flag with Lady Liberty and "work and wisdom", Bible?, architecture of Tuskegee Institute - Values, beliefs, attitudes by identifying with heroes and founders: ex Abe Lincoln on the poster - Refer to unrelated, honored individuals--ex Abe Lincoln, Frederick Douglass on the poster Identity Politics: - assumptions: group members share common histories and analyses of historic and continued shared oppression, which supersedes identity and makes all group members fierce allies - less relevant

Answer 5

Prescribing the "Who": - "Social movements champion 'ordinary people' forming 'great grassroots efforts' as the only forces that can bring about or resist change, but they realize that every movement needs organizations and leaders. It must be more than a bunch of people. The first task is to convince enough people that only an uninstitutionalized collectivity has the will and ability to reach the much sought after goal because all institutions are 'part of' or the 'cause of' the problem" - Second task: choose among types or organizations and leaders the ones best suited - Third task: restrict membership?

Answer 6

Social Unrest: - struggle becomes visible to media as movement - prophets/intellectuals become agitators - "forming unions and coalitions may alter self-perceptions and enhance the legitimacy of a rising social movement" - identify with "the people" - frame a manifesto, proclamation, or statement of principles: this sets the movement's ideology ("elaboration of rationalizations and stereotypes into a consistent pattern") - "a manifesto pulls together verbal text elements that first emerged during the genesis stage--the exigence, devils/scapegoats, and principles" - "constitutive rhetoric"--shared historical narrative, while identifying protestors with established norms and values - joining a social division: we/they division - transform perceptions of reality

Answer 7

Insurgent: - "finds societal norms, values, and institutions corrupt, mendacious, and exploitative" - ex of Malcolm X who blamed the American government for the condition of Black America - not explicit calls for violent change (radicalism is one boundary), while not timid either - "insurgent argument is confrontational. it focuses on one or more social ills and blames them on persons, institutions, or values that are integral parts of institutions. strategically, insurgent argument calls for strong action."

Test 2 Flashcards

(31 cards)