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Limnology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

5 inputs of CO2 to water

A
  1. rain (picked up from air)
  2. water trickling through organic soil
  3. subterranean water
  4. respiration of organisms
  5. decomposition at the bottom of the lake
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2
Q

Which isotope of Carbon is common?

A

12C

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3
Q

What percent of carbon content is 12C?

A

98.9%

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4
Q

Which isotope of Carbon is rare?

A

13C

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5
Q

Which isotope of Carbon is rare and radioactive?

A

14C

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6
Q

Which isotope of Carbon do photosynthesizers preferentially pick up?

A

12C

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7
Q

Which isotope of carbon do anaerobic metabolizers preferentially pick up?

A

13C

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8
Q

Where and how is C14 formed?

A

high altitudes by cosmic radiation

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9
Q

What is pH an abbreviation for?

A

power of hydrogen

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10
Q

What is the equation for the small fraction of water dissociating?

A

H20 <> H+ + OH -

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11
Q

When does H+ = OH-

A

in pure water

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12
Q

What is the pH and temperature of neutral water?

A

7, 24 degrees C

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13
Q

negative of the base 10 logarithm of the H+ ion

A

pH

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14
Q

pH equation

A

-log [H+]

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15
Q

What is H+ called?

A

hydrogen ions or protons

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16
Q

What is the range of pH?

A

0-14

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17
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7

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18
Q

pH <7

A

acid (acidic)

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19
Q

pH >7

A

base (alkaline)

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20
Q

What is the pH of most waterways?

A

6-9

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21
Q

What multiplier does acidity go by from neutral (7)

A

x10

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22
Q

2 indicators of changing pH

A
  1. color change
  2. electrodes
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23
Q

What does CO2 dissolve in natural waters as?

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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24
Q

Equation for carbonic acid dissociating bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

A

H2CO3 > HCO3- + H+

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25
Q

pH of rain water

A

5.6

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26
Q

what does the pH of water come from?

A

CO2 picked up in the atmosphere

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27
Q

what extra thing can rain pick up extra hydrogen ions from

A

pollution

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28
Q

What phenomenon happens when rain water picks up extra hydrogen ions?

A

acid rain

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29
Q

What does acid rain cause?

A

fish mortality

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30
Q

What causes pollution from industry burning fossil fuels?

A

human activity

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31
Q

Equation for sulfurous acid

A

SO2 + H2O > H2SO4

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32
Q

Equation for nitrous acid

A

NO2 + OH- > HNO3

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33
Q

What produces sulfur dioxide?

A

volcanoes

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34
Q

Equation for carbonic acid producing H+

A

H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+

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35
Q

Equation for sulfuring acid producing H+

A

HSO3 + H+

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36
Q

What does edaphic mean?

A

from the soil

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37
Q

What is strip mining?

A

surface mining of coal

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38
Q

What does strip mining contain large amounts of?

A

pyrite

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39
Q

Chemical formula of pyrite

A

FeS2

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40
Q

What happens to pyrite in an edaphic environment?

A

oxidized to H2SO4

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41
Q

What is H2SO4

A

sulfuric acid

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42
Q

What does sulfuric acid do to rivers and streams?

A

causes them to acidify

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43
Q

What is true of edaphic volcanic lakes?

A

very low pH due to sulfur

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44
Q

How extreme can the pH of volcanic lakes be?

A

2

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45
Q

What is the 2nd thing that can happen to volcanic lakes?

A

high pH due to sodium carbonate (=soda lakes)

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46
Q

How extreme can the high pH of volcanic lakes be?

A

9-12

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47
Q

Sodium carbonate dissociation equation?

A

Na2CO3 > Na+ + NaCO3-

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48
Q

What can sodium carbonate soak up?

A

H+

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49
Q

What is sodium carbonate used in?

A

glass manufacturing

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50
Q

What do edaphic anaerobic sediments at the bottom of lakes have?

A

bacteria producing H2S

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51
Q

What does H2S smell like?

A

rotten eggs

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52
Q

What does H2S lead to?

A

H2SO4 <> HSO3+ + H+

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53
Q

What do edaphic soil particles blown in the wind have?

A

dust containing calcareous particles

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54
Q

What does calcareous mean?

A

calcium based

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55
Q

What do calcareous particles do?

A

neutralize acid rain

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56
Q

What do prairies naturally have more of?

A

dust

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57
Q

What does it mean that prairies have more dust?

A

their waterways have less problems with acid rain

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58
Q

How does acidity affect oligotrophic or dystrophic lakes?

A

decomposition is inhibited

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59
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 and acid salts?

A

half-bound to form

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60
Q

What are the acid salts in water?

A

bicarbonates (X(HCO3)2)

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61
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 and neutral salts?

A

bound to form

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62
Q

What are the neutral salts in water?

A

carbonates (XCO3)

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63
Q

What is the free dissolved gas in water?

A

CO2

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64
Q

What does photosynthesis do in water?

A

removes the free CO2

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65
Q

What does photosynthesis removing the free CO2 do to the water?

A

raises pH

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66
Q

What does respiration do?

A

adds free CO2

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67
Q

What does free CO2 do to the water?

A

lowers pH

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68
Q

What are buffers?

A

solutions that resist change in hydrogen ion concentration when an acid or base is added

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69
Q

What is alkalinity?

A

buffering system of water

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70
Q

What do carbonic acid and its resulting salts do in water?

A

act as a buffer

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71
Q

What do well buffered lakes do?

A

resist change in pH

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72
Q

What are vernal pools?

A

temporary wetland filled with snowmelt or rain

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73
Q

Are vernal pools well buffered?

A

no

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74
Q

What does it mean that vernal pools are not well buffered?

A

acid rain can cause big fluctuations in pH and make them unsuitable for amphibians

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75
Q

Where are diel changes in alkalinity negligible?

A

dilute waters

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76
Q

Where have small pools been seen to have huge diel swings in pH?

A

the desert

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77
Q

What specific location has been seen to have huge diel swings in pH?

A

Sandusky Bay where there are huge algal blooms

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78
Q

What causes the algal blooms in Sandusky Bay?

A

huge input of CO2 during the day from photosynthesis

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79
Q

What happens in Sandusky Bay at night?

A

respiration only

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80
Q

What are the major anions in inland waters?

A

CO3 2-, SO4 2-, Cl-

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81
Q

What are the major cations in inland waters?

A

Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na+, K+

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82
Q

What is total solids number in inland waters made up of?

A

total suspended solids and total dissolved solids

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83
Q

How are total suspended solids (TSS) determined?

A

2 micrometer filter

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84
Q

How are total dissolved solids (TDS) determined?

A

passes through

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85
Q

What is the average TDS in rivers?

A

120 ppm

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86
Q

What is the TDS in oligotrophic Waldo Lake, OR?

A

1-5.5 ppm

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87
Q

What is the TDS in eutrophic Lake Itasca, MN?

A

185 ppm

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88
Q

What is the TDS in seas?

A

35000 ppm

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89
Q

What is the TDS in the Great Salt Lake, UT?

A

220,000 ppm

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90
Q

What is the TDS in Great Slave Lake, Canada?

A

160 ppm

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91
Q

What is the Great Slave Lake fed by?

A

the Slave River

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92
Q

What does the Slave River contribute to Great Slave Lake?

A

54000 metric tons of dissolved matter per summer day and 36000 tons of suspended silt per summer day

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93
Q

What activity occurs in Great Slave Lake?

A

some commercial fishing

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94
Q

What is the TDS of Great Bear Lake?

A

98 ppm

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95
Q

What is the Great Bear Lake ppm so low?

A

no comparable input of drainage area to Great Slave Lake, more oligotrophic, no commercial fishing

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96
Q

What is the shortcut to measuring TDS?

A

measure conductance (conducting)

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97
Q

What does conductance measure?

A

flow of electrons through water

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98
Q

Is distilled water a good conductor?

A

no

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99
Q

What salinity should not be used to measure conductance?

A

above 5%

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100
Q

What is the ion concentration in soft water lakes?

A

low

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101
Q

What is the ion concentration in hard water lakes?

A

high

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102
Q

What ions are present in lakes with high ion concentration?

A

Ca and Mg

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103
Q

What is the most common anion in dilute freshwater (humid)

A

Carbonate (CO3 2-)

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104
Q

What does DIC stand for?

A

dissolved organic carbon

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105
Q

What is the most common form of carbonate?

A

bicarbonate ion with calcium (Ca(CO3)2)

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106
Q

What other cations can carbonate combine with?

A

Magnesite (MgCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)), BaCO3, SrCO3, K2CO3, Na2CO3- magnesium, N/A, barium, strontium, potassium, sodium

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107
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbonate?

A

CO3 2-

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108
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulfate?

A

SO4 2-

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109
Q

How common is sulfate?

A

2nd most common anion

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110
Q

What are the atmospheric sources of sulfate?

A

volcanoes, industry, sea spray

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111
Q

What types of industry contribute to sulfate abundance?

A

coal combustion, copper smelting, and paper manufacturing

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112
Q

What are lakes near oceans and industry higher in?

A

sulfur

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113
Q

What do edaphic (soil) sources include?

A

old marine deposits

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114
Q

What are thioplasts?

A

organisms adapted in anaerobic, low pH habitats with lots of sulfur

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115
Q

What are the sulfur reducers?

A

CaSO4 + organic carbon > CaS+ 2CO2 + ATP

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116
Q

What are the sulfur oxidizers?

A

some can make their sugars (similar to photosynthesis), CO2 + 2H2S + light > CH2O + H2O +2S

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117
Q

What is the chemical formula of chloride?

A

Cl-

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118
Q

How common is chloride?

A

3rd most comon anion

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119
Q

Where is chloride most abundant?

A

seas and desert pools

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120
Q

What compounds does chloride form?

A

NaCl, MgCl2

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121
Q

What are the edaphic sources of chloride?

A

beds of salt formed from evaporation of former bodies of water

122
Q

What are the beds of salt chloride is formed from called?

A

igneous rock

123
Q

What are the atmospheric sources of chloride?

A

windblown from seacoasts and volcanic gases

124
Q

What the water pollution sources of chloride?

A

pollution from sewage and highway salt (NaCl and CaCl2)

125
Q

Where are there excess chloride ions?

A

Birch Lake MN

126
Q

What is the chemical formula for calcium ions?

A

Ca 2+

127
Q

What is CaCO3 the main constituent of?

A

chalk, limestone, marble

128
Q

How does CaCO3 from chalk, limestone, and marble enter rivers and lakes?

A

chemical weathering

129
Q

What calcerous deposit is deposited in littoral regions of lakes?

A

marl

130
Q

What calcerous deposit is deposited around mineral springs?

A

sinter

131
Q

What calcerous deposit evaporated in land salt lakes?

A

gypsum

132
Q

Example of gypsum deposits

A

White Sands National Monument

133
Q

What two ways can plants and animals react to calcium?

A

calciphiles and calciphobes

134
Q

What is the chemical formula of Magnesium?

A

Mg 2+

135
Q

How common is magnesium?

A

2nd most abundant cation

136
Q

Where does magnesium come from?

A

erosion from rocks- silicates (rocks made of Mg and Si)

137
Q

Chemical formula of sodium

A

Na+

138
Q

What is NaCl?

A

a halite

139
Q

How much NaCl does 1 liter of sea water have?

A

30g

140
Q

What chemicals do salterns have?

A

NaCl and Na2SO4

141
Q

What chemicals do soda lakes have?

A

NaHCO3 and Na2CO3

142
Q

Chemical formula of potassium ions

A

K+

143
Q

Where does potassium come from?

A

weathering of fledspar rocks

144
Q

Which lakes are high in potassium?

A

Potash lakes

145
Q

Where does no water runoff reach the ocean?

A

the desert

146
Q

What exceeds what in the desert?

A

evaporation exceeds precipitation

147
Q

What kind of basins are found in the desert?

A

closed

148
Q

What is the Great Salt Lake?

A

saltern

149
Q

What is the Dead Sea?

A

bittern

150
Q

What happens in bitterns?

A

extreme evaporation

151
Q

What variable is inversely correlated with salinity?

A

biodiversity

152
Q

What type of lake is the Dead Sea?

A

rift lake

153
Q

What 2 countries border the Dead Sea?

A

Israel and Jordan

154
Q

What is the Dead Sea a part of?

A

the Great Rift Valley

155
Q

What phenomenon occurs in lakes with high salt content?

A

buoyancy

156
Q

What salinity is required for buoyancy?

A

> 34%

157
Q

What are two important reactions that occur in lakes?

A

oxidation and reduction

158
Q

What is involved in oxidation and reduction reactions?

A

transfer of electrons (does not have to involve oxygen)

159
Q

What type of reactions involve the coupling of electrons together?

A

redox reactions

160
Q

Example of a redox reaction

A

iron oxidation
Fe 2+ (ferric) > Fe3+ (ferric) + e-

161
Q

What is the molecule that loses an electron called?

A

reducing agent (ferrous ion in ex)

162
Q

What is the molecule that gains an electron called?

A

oxidizing agent

163
Q

What enzymes are iron necessary for?

A

peroxidase, catalase, cytochrome oxidase, nitrogenase

164
Q

Why is iron necessary in photosynthesis?

A

part of cytochrome molecules

165
Q

What is the oxidized state of iron?

A

ferrous

166
Q

Solubility of ferrous iron

A

mostly soluble

167
Q

What is the reduced state of iron?

A

ferric iron

168
Q

Solubility of ferric iron

A

mostly insoluble

169
Q

What is the redox of iron mediated by?

A

microorganisms

170
Q

What does the elevation of oxygen levels promote?

A

oxidation of iron and thus precipitation since ferric is insoluble

171
Q

Above what pH does iron automatically precipitate?

A

7.5-7.7

172
Q

What does iron automatically precipitate into?

A

Fe(OH)3

173
Q

Soluble/ferrous iron will only be present in which environments?

A

low oxygen environments (hypolimnion of a stratified lake) with a low to neutral pH

174
Q

What are chelating agents?

A

class of compounds that can hold metal atoms or ions

175
Q

What ion do chlorophylls hold?

A

magnesium

176
Q

What can chelating agents do to ferric ions?

A

solubilize

177
Q

What can release chelators?

A

microorganisms

178
Q

What elements behaves similarly to iron?

A

manganese (Mn)

179
Q

Why is manganese necessary in organisms?

A

as a co-factor for many enzymes

180
Q

What oxidations states does manganese exist in?

A

Mn 2+, Mn 3+, Mn 4+

181
Q

Does manganese become more or less soluble as it is oxidized?

A

less (just like iron)

182
Q

What environment is soluble manganese present in and what will it do?

A

low-oxygen hypolimnion and will precipitate out during turnover

183
Q

What are high levels of manganese toxic to?

A

fish and invertebrates

184
Q

What is the most common form of phosphorus found in lakes and what form is it?

A

orthophosphate (PO4 3-), oxidized form (most common)

185
Q

What gas can orthophosphate be reduced to?

A

PH3 (phosphine)

186
Q

What does phosphine produced?

A

eerie lights that flicker over marshes (Will-o-the-wisps)

187
Q

Why is the will-o-the-wisp flame fleeting?

A

it rapidly re-oxidizes

188
Q

What is there very little of in the atmosphere?

A

P

189
Q

What is the original source of phosphorus?

A

weathering of igneous rock

190
Q

Where does phosphorus accumulate?

A

in skeletons of vertebrates and in bird guano

191
Q

What pollution does phosphorus come from?

A

laundry detergents and sewage

192
Q

What was phosphorus in the Rin lakes originally a limiting factor for?

A

primary production

193
Q

What is phosphorus cycled rapidly into?

A

phytoplankton, littoral plants, and bacteria

194
Q

Why do we worry about too much phosphorus now?

A

pollution

195
Q

How was the study of phosphorus made easier in the 1950s?

A

using radioactive P32

196
Q

What is it called when P32 is used to study phosphorus?

A

tracer study

197
Q

What was there a huge effort to eliminate to prevent eutrophication due to pollution?

A

use of high-phosphate detergents

198
Q

What is used to precipitate out phosphates in sewage?

A

FeCl2 or aluminum salts

199
Q

What did Lake Erie being declared “dead” in the late 1960s lead to?

A

ban on phosphate detergents, invasive mussels helped reduce P, fish came back, P came back in recent years due to agricultural runoff

200
Q

What is lake eutrophication caused by?

A

excessive P and N

201
Q

What variable do scientists attempt to calculate in lake eutrophication?

A

critical load (Lc)

202
Q

What is critical load?

A

the point where lakes go from oligotrophic to eutrophic

203
Q

What was the first concentration of critical load calculations?

A

P

204
Q

Why are big lakes less susceptible to pollution?

A

dilution

205
Q

What else helps lakes be less susceptible to pollution?

A

high flushing rates

206
Q

What is N2?

A

nitrogen gas in the atmosphere which is free and inert

207
Q

What percentage of air does nitrogen gas make up?

A

78-79%

208
Q

How is nitrogen gas harnessed?

A

must break the covalent triple bond, requires lots of ATP

209
Q

Free nitrogen gas is unavailable to what?

A

plants and animals

210
Q

How do plants and animals get nitrogen?

A

must be converted by prokaryotes

211
Q

What lives symbiotically on roots of plants in the bean family?

A

Rhizobium

212
Q

Cyanobacterium such as what are used in rice patties to increase nitrogen?

A

Anabaena

213
Q

Nitrogen fixation reaction

A

N2 (nitrogen gas) > NH4+ (ammonium)

214
Q

What enzyme is nitrogen fixation catalyzed by?

A

nitrogenase

215
Q

What heavy isotope is used by tracer studies to measure nitrogen fixation?

A

15N

216
Q

What element does nitrogenase break down in?

A

oxygen

217
Q

Nitrogen fixation happens only in what conditions?

A

anaerobic

218
Q

Wha special cells can nitrogen fixation also occur in?

A

heterocysts

219
Q

Where are heterocysts present?

A

in some types of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

220
Q

What is the process of nitrification?

A

NH4+ (ammonium) > NO2- (nitrite) > NO3- (nitrate)

221
Q

What element is needed for nitrification?

A

oxygen

222
Q

What organisms can perform nitrification?

A

only certain aerobic bacteria and archaea types

223
Q

Where does NH4+ accumulate because nitrogen fixation is rare?

A

hypolimnion

224
Q

What can accumulation of ammonium lead to?

A

hypoxia

225
Q

What organism can assimilate ammonium, nitrates, and nitrites to make organic compounds

A

phytoplankton

226
Q

By what process do dead organisms have their organic nitrogen (proteins) converted back to NH4+ by bacteria

A

ammonification

227
Q

Why are lakes stratified longer in the summer?

A

global warming

228
Q

What problem does global warming exacerbate?

A

loss of oxygen due to nitrification and leading to hypoxia

229
Q

What can further exasperate oxygen loss due to nitrification?

A

oxygen loss due to hetertrophic respiration

230
Q

What conditions does denitrification happen in?

A

anaerobic

231
Q

Denitrification process

A

NO3- (nitrite) > N2 (nitrogen gas) and/or N2O (nitrogen oxide)

232
Q

Where does denitrification occur?

A

swamps and marshlands

233
Q

What is a consequence of denitrification?

A

nitrogen becomes unavailable to plants and animals

234
Q

What is DNRA?

A

opposite of nitrification, nitrates/nitrites converted back to ammonia

235
Q

What is anammox?

A

ammonia/nitrate converted directly to N2, same effect as denitrification

236
Q

When was anammox discovered?

A

1999

237
Q

What element is the limiting factor in coastal regions?

A

nitrogen

238
Q

When does nitrogen become a limiting factor?

A

when P pollution is high

239
Q

What type of bacteria is favored in eutrophic lakes?

A

nitrogen-fixing

240
Q

What can be measured that is relevant to eutrophic lakes?

A

N/P ratio

241
Q

Where does silica come from?

A

weathering of feldspar rocks

242
Q

What is silica needed for?

A

silicean sponges, radiolarians (shells), and diatoms (cell walls)

243
Q

Does solubility of silica increase or decrease with higher temps?

A

increase

244
Q

Where is solubility of silica high?

A

geysers and hot springs

245
Q

Why are diatoms important?

A

they are a major portion of the phytoplankton (photosynthesizers)

246
Q

When can silica concentrations plummet?

A

at the end of summer

247
Q

Where does silica go when diatoms die?

A

some is released to the water but some is lost to the sediment

248
Q

Where does increased diatom growth cause eutrophication?

A

Great Lakes

249
Q

What does the depletion of silica lead to?

A

cyanobacteria begin to outcompete diatoms

250
Q

What quantity of inorganic micronutrients do plants require?

A

only trace quantities

251
Q

What micronutrients are required by all algae?

A

chloride, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc

252
Q

What micronutrients are required by some algae?

A

cobalt, iodine, silicon, sodium, vanadium

253
Q

What macronutrients are required by all algae?

A

Da, Mg, K, S, N, P

254
Q

What are the poisonous heavy metals?

A

mercury, cadmium, and lead

255
Q

What other poisons are popping up in lakes?

A

pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flame retardants, plastics, and microplastics

256
Q

What are the 5 sources of dissolved organic substances?

A

decay of aquatic organisms (humus), excretions from phytoplankton, excretions from littoral plants, excretions from animals, allochthonous origins/washed in from outside sources

257
Q

How does dissolved organic material impede light penetration?

A

absorbs solar radiation

258
Q

Are lakes with high dissolved organic substances or nearby transparent lakes warmer?

A

lakes with high dissolved organic substances

259
Q

What vitamins are essential to some algae and common in lakes?

A

biotin, thiamine, and B12

260
Q

The study of vitamins in lakes is mostly limited to?

A

anthropogenic ones

261
Q

What is the Redfield ratio?

A

C:N:P

262
Q

Redfield ratio in oceans

A

106:16:1

263
Q

The Redfield ratio is variable in?

A

lakes

264
Q

What does LTER stand for?

A

Long Term Ecological Research Network

265
Q

How many sites does the LTER have?

A

28

266
Q

When was the LTER established?

A

1981 by NSF

267
Q

Examples of LTERs?

A

North temperate lakes (Lake Mendota and Trout Lake, WI), Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, and Florida Coastal Everglades

268
Q

LTER is both?

A

a physical place and a group of researchers

269
Q

Where is the birthplace of limnology in the US?

A

University of Wisconsin @ Madison

270
Q

What scientists are responsible for the birth of limnology?

A

E.A. Birge and Juday

271
Q

When was limnology created?

A

Early 1900s

272
Q

Where is Lake Mendota?

A

Madison, WI

273
Q

What is Lake Mendota separated by?

A

isthmus

274
Q

What is Lake Mendota joined by?

A

Yahara River

275
Q

What Lake is called the most studied lake in the US?

A

Lake Mendota

276
Q

Where is the University of Wisconsin at Madison located?

A

on the banks of Lake Mendota

277
Q

University of Wisconsin at Madison has?

A

center for Limnology

278
Q

What is the max depth of UW @ M’s remote sensor buoy?

A

24.9

279
Q

What is the pH of Lake Mendota?

A

8.3-8.4

280
Q

How large is UW@M?

A

9781 acres

281
Q

What was the focus of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest study?

A

the relationship between forest cover and water quality (specifically watersheds)

282
Q

What does ELA stand for?

A

experimental lakes area

283
Q

Where is the ELA?

A

Ontario, Canada

284
Q

When were the ELAs experimented on?

A

late 1960s

285
Q

What kind of experiments were the ELAs?

A

whole ecosystem experiments

286
Q

What was the usual for ELAs?

A

controlled experiments from the labor field station (tanks), small scale studies in the lakes using bottles, and observational studies where variables were not manipulated

287
Q

Characteristics of the ELAs

A

glacial lakes, pristine (not near any cities or towns), small, many of them, very little pollution from humans

288
Q

Experiment done on the ELAs

A

divided, added C, N, PvsC, PvsN, showed that P was necessary for eutrophication, whole lake treated with mercury (simulated air pollution from coal burning power plants), accumulated in fish, spurred legislation for mercury scrubbers

289
Q

What ethics were learned from the ELAs?

A

important studies, minimize # of times they are done, small isolated lakes, only experiments that the lake will quickly bounce back from, still seeing death of organisms, baseline data through time, any manipulation will have to be approved by the field station and the funding agencies

290
Q

Where is Lake Victoria located?

A

East Africa

291
Q

What is Lake Victoria called?

A

freshwater sea (almost the size of WV)

292
Q

How many fish species are in Lake victoria?

A

300+

293
Q

What is the current situation with Lake Victoria’s fish?

A

today, all are threatened, endangered, or extinct

294
Q

What type of lake is Lake Victoria?

A

African Rift Lake

295
Q

Lake Vitoria is the 2nd largest freshwater lake by?

A

surface area (1st is superior)

296
Q

How deep is Lake Victoria?

A

considered shallow, max depth 80m, average depth 40m

297
Q

What countries surround Lake Victoria?

A

Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania

298
Q

Who is Lake Victoria named after?

A

Queen Victoria

299
Q

80% of Lake Victoria’s water is from?

A

rainfall

300
Q

What is Lake Victoria drained by?

A

the Nile River

Limnology (2 decks)

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