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Biology 1107 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A

Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

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2
Q

DNA Structure

A

stable double helix
stands run antiparallel
strands joined by H-bonds between NB
nucleotide pairing follows rules of complementation based on hydrogen bonding

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3
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded
complementary to some region of DNA
several functional types
uracil
not typically stable

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4
Q

mRNA

A

carries blueprint for protein

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5
Q

tRNA

A

carry amino acids to ribosomes
no coding

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6
Q

rRNA

A

structural component of ribosome (permanently)

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7
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly packaged/more condense

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8
Q

Euchromatin

A

less packaged/more condensed

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9
Q

Histone

A

most common condensing proteins
positive charge

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10
Q

Nucleosome and Solenoid

A

when repeated, structures increase packaging/condensing

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Interior of a chromosome

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12
Q

Transcription

A

DNA –> RNA

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13
Q

Translation

A

RNA –> Protein

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14
Q

Codon

A

code for amino acid during translation
64 total

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15
Q

T or F: The code is redundant but not ambiguous

A

T

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16
Q

Start Codons (AUG)

A

where the reading should begin
met (methionine)

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17
Q

Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

A

not recognized by tRNA
signal to terminate translation

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA from DNA template during transcription

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19
Q

RNA will be identical to which strand? Coding or Template?

A

Identical to Coding
(uses template to make compliment)

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20
Q

Transcription: Initiation

A

RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to promoter (transcription factors)
unwinds DNA creating single-stranded template

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21
Q

Transcription: Elongation

A

RNA polymerase builds RNA that is the complement to the template strand of DNA
polymerizes 5’ to 3’
reading 3’ to 5’

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22
Q

Transcription: Termination

A

arrangements of nucleotides cause RNA polymerase to dissociate from DNA template

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23
Q

Post-Transcriptional Process

A

mRNA must be modified first to be transported to cytoplasm
5’ cap
poly-a tail
to protect the RNA since it is not stable

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24
Q

RNA Splicing

A

introns are removed and exons bind together

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25
Alternative Splicing
the cell has the ability to make several different proteins from a single gene accomplished by including or excluding different exons
26
Translation: Initiation
mRNA binds to ribosome binding site with start codon in p-site
27
Translation: Elongation
2nd charged tRNA enters A-site peptide bond formation repeat the number of codons in the mRNA ending at the stop codon
28
Translation: Termination
initiated when stop codon enters the A-site release factors cleave the polypeptide from the last tRNA
29
Goal of Cell Cycle
produce two identically identical daughter cells when they are needed
30
Cell cycle control
cytoplasmic signals density-dependent inhibition anchorage dependence
31
Density-dependent inhibition
crowded cells stop dividing
32
Anchorage Dependence
cells must be attached to the appropriate surface to divide knows not to divide in certain areas
33
Cancer cells
do not respond to body's control mechanisms loss of anchorage dependence and density-dependent inhibition
34
Malignant Tumors
invade surrounding tissues and can metastasis (loss of anchorage dependence)
35
Proto-oncogene
any gene involved in cell cycle control
36
Oncogene
defective version of proto-oncogene
37
Mitotic Cell Division Goal
create genetically identical daughter cells
38
Genome
full set of DNA an organism carries
39
Chromosomes
genome divided into smaller units of DNA
40
Gene
sequences of DNA bases that carry the information necessary to produce and RNA molecule or protein
41
Allele
many different versions of a gene may exist among individuals
42
Diploids
contain somatic cells that have two sets of each chromosome called homologous chromosomes
43
Somatic Cells
normal body cells (not gametes, sperm, or egg)
44
Homologous Chromosomes
pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism same length centromeres in same location same gene in same place different alleles could be the difference (A --> a)
45
Haploid
one copy of every chromosome
46
Sister Chromatids
each replicated chromosome consists of 2 which separate during cell division
47
Mitosis: Interphase
s phase when DNA replicates cell growth/normal cell life G1, S, G2 phase
48
Mitotic Phase
division of nucleus
49
Mitosis: Prophase
chromosomes condense mitotic spindle forms centrosomes separate
50
Mitosis: Pre-metaphase
nuclear envelope/membrane fragments kinetochore forms microtubules extend from centrosome to kinetochore mitotic spindle connects to kinetochore which attaches to centromeres
51
Mitosis: Metaphase
centrosomes reach opposite ends of cell Chromosomes align in the middle (end to end) Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite sides
52
Mitosis: Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate microtubules shorten pulling chromosomes towards centrosomes (opposite sides)
53
Mitosis: Telophase/Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelopes reform chromosomes condense division of cytoplasm cell divides into 2
54
Non-kinetochore Microtubules
push against each other to elongate the cell
55
Goal of Meiosis
reduce the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid have 4 daughter cells, each with a unique set of chromosomes
56
Meiosis: Interphase I
chromosome replicate: diploid cells with sister chromatids
57
Meiosis: Prophase I
Chromosomes condense and move around nuclear envelope dissolves spindles form synapsis of homologous chromosomes crossing over can occur between homologues too
58
Meiosis: Metaphase I
tetrads align at the metaphase plate homologous chromosomes line up side by side relative to division poles and non-homologous chromosomes arrange end to end.
59
Meiosis: Anaphase 1
homologous pairs separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell each homologous chromosome pair has a pair of sister chromatids sister chromatids remain attached at centromere
60
Meiosis: Telophase/Cytokinesis I
Nuclear envelope reforms 2 haploid cells have been produced
61
Meiosis: Interphase II
no replication of chromosome centrosomes and centrioles can duplicate here
62
Meiosis II
VERY similar to mitosis
63
Ploidy
set of homologues in a cell
64
Euploidy
entire haploid set of chromosomes gained or lost
65
Aneuploidy
general category of conditions where chromosome is gained or lost
66
Monosomy
loss of one chromosome typically lethal Turner Syndrome
67
Trisomy
addition of a single chromosome mental retardation and or organ system failure the larger the chromosome, the more lethal

Biology 1107 (3 decks)

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