Test 2 Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
Identify the papillae
A
Filiform papillae
2
Q
Identify the highlighted structure
A
Serous demilunes
3
Q
What is produced by serous demilunes?
A
Enzymes: amylase, lipase, proline rich enzymes
4
Q
Identify the gland
A
Sublingual gland
5
Q
Identify the type of acini
A
Serous acini ‘
6
Q
Identify the epithelium
A
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
7
Q
What is secreted by the indicated cells?
A
Mucin/mucigen
8
Q
Identify the gland
A
Submandibular gland
9
Q
Identify the structure
A
Intercalated duct
10
Q
Intercalated duct epithelium
A
Simple cudboidal
11
Q
Identify the duct
A
Striated duct
12
Q
Identify the duct
A
Interlobular duct
13
Q
Interlobular duct epithelium
A
Pseudostratified columnar
14
Q
Identify the stage of tooth development
A
Cap stage
15
Q
Identify the structure
A
Enamel organ
16
Q
Identify the stage of tooth development
A
Bell stage
17
Q
Identify the structure and what it forms
A
Dental papilla - forms dentine and pulp
18
Q
Identify the structure
A
White pulp (spleen)
19
Q
Which cells are found in spleen white pulp?
A
B lymphocytes
20
Q
Identify the highlighted structure
A
Central arteriole of white pulp
21
Q
Identify the organ
A
Thymus
22
Q
Identify the indicated areas
A
Thymic medulla
23
Q
Identify the structure
A
Hassall’s corpuscle
24
Q
Identify the structure
A
Hassall’s corpuscle
25
Identify the cell type
Megakaryocyte with polypoid nucleus
26
Identify the organ
Lymph node
27
Identify the lymphocytes present in this area
B lymphocytes
28
Identify the space indicated
Subcapsular sinus
29
Identify the cell
Basophil
30
Identify the cell
Eosinophil
31
Identify the cells
Platelets
32
Identify the cell
Monocyte
33
Identify layers 1, 2, 3, 4, + 5 of the cornea
1. Stratified squamous epithelium
2. Bowman’s membrane
3. Corneal stroma
4. Descemet’s membrane
5. Simple squamous endothelium
34
Identify the structure indicated by the star
Ciliary body/muscle
35
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Maintaining tension in the suspensory ligament of the lens
36
What does the epithelium lining the ciliary body produce?
Aqueous humour
37
Identify the contents of the indicated layer
Outer nuclear layer: nuclei of rods and cones
38
Identify the regions indicated
Bracket: optic disc/blind spot
Arrow: central artery of retina
Rectangle: lamina cribrosa
39
Identify the layer and it’s contents
Inner plexiform layer: synapse between bipolar and ganglion cells
40
Identify the structure
Taste bud
41
Identify structure 1 + 2
1. Helicotrema
2. Spiral ganglion
42
Identify the structure
Organ of corti
43
Identify canal A, B + C
A: Scala vestibuli
B: Scala tympani
C: Cochlear duct
44
Identify the structure and what it produces
Stria vascularis produces endolymph
45
Identify the structure
Reissner’s/vestibular membrane: separates cochlear duct from Scala vestibuli
46
Identify the structures and their contents
Thyroid follicles : iodinated thyroglobulin in colloid
47
Identify the region
Zona fasciculata
48
What does the Zona fasciculata produce?
Glucocorticoids = Cortisol
49
Identify the region
Pars intermedia
50
Name the hormones secreted by this region
Islets of langerhans: endocrine pancreas:
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Somatostatin
4. Pancreatic polypeptide
51
Mention the hormones secreted by the indicated magenta cells
Basophils: FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
52
Identify the region and it’s secretions
Adrenal medulla: adrenaline and noradrenaline
53
Identify the cells
Parafollicular/ C cells
54
What do Parafollicular/ C cells secrete?
Calcitonin
55
Identify the cells indicated by arrows
Pituicytes in pars nervosa
56
Identify the cells indicated by black and blue arrows
Black: pituicytes (pars nervosa)
Blue: herring bodies
57
Identify the region
Zona reticularis (adrenal cortex)
58
Identify region A, B + C
A: Zona glomerulosa
B: Zona fasciculata
C: Zona reticularis
59
endocrine system functions
1. maintains homeostasis
2. helps body react to stress
3. regulate growth and development, reproduction etc.
60
what is the pituitary gland attached to and influenced by?
The hypothalamus
61
Posterior region of pituitary gland
neurohypophysis = pars nervosa
62
Anterior region of pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis = pars tuberalis and distalis
63
Region of pituitary gland between pars distalis and pars nervosa
pars intermedia
64
blood supply of pituitary gland
supplied by superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries: hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
65
2 cell types in the pars distalis
chromophobes and chromophils
66
2 types of chromophils
1. Acidophils (red staining): somatotrophs and mammotrophs.
2. Basophils (purple/magenta staining): Corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs.
67
Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis/pars distalis/anterior pituitary
growth hormone, prolactins, FSH, LH, ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone
68
control of the anterior pituitary gland
negative feedback loop between hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid glands
- thyroid hormone inhibits Thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
69
control of anterior pituitary hormones
by peptide hormones produced by specialized neurons in the hypothalamus
70
pars intermedia hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
71
Cells of the neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary
1. pituicytes (glial cells)
2. Herring bodies (swellings that accumulate hormones)
72
neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin (contraction of mammary glands + uterus)
Vasopressin/ADH (increases water permeability of renal ducts)
73
Thyroid gland secretions
1. Thyroxine (T4)
2. Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
3. Calcitonin
74
thyroid gland parenchyma
thyroid follicles (simple cuboidal epithelium) + interfollicular CT
75
thyroid homrone storage
stored as thyroglobulin precursor in the follicles
76
Parafollicular/ C cells location + function
in between thyroid follicles, secrete calcitonin
77
calcitonin function
lowers blood calcium levels and prevents bone resorption ( antagonist to PTH)
78
Parathyroid glands hormone
Parathormone (PTH): maintains serum calcium
79
Parathyroid gland cells
1. Chief cells (secrete PTH)
2. Oxyphil cells
3. Adipose cells
80
Adrenal gland regions
1. Cortex (3 zones)
2. Medulla
81
Adrenal cortex zones
From outer to inner:
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona Fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
82
zona glomerulosa secretions
1. Mineralcorticoids
2. Aldosterone
83
Zona fasciculata secretions
Glucocorticoids=cortisol
84
Zona reticularis secretion
1. Glucocorticoids
2. Androgens
3. DHEA - Testosterone
85
Adrenal medulla cells and secretions
Chromaffin cells - epinephrine and norepinephrine
86
Exocrine pancreas
serous acini
87
Endocrine pancreas
islets of langerhans
88
Islets of langerhans cells and secretions
1. A cells = Glucagon
2. B cells = Insulin
3. D cells = somatostatin
4. F cells = pancreatic polypeptide
89
leydig cells function and location
produce testosterone found between seminiferous tubules
90
oral mucosa epithelium
stratified squamous, keratinized in areas exposed to friction (hard palate, dorsum of tongue)
91
Transition zone of lips
Vermillion border (mucocutaneous junction) = epidermis > stratified squamous epithelium
92
glands found in hard palate
palatine glands (submucosal)
93
oral soft palate epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous
94
nasopharyngeal soft palate epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
95
Border between 2 tongue portions
sulcus terminalis
96
contents of anterior tongue
Papillae:
1. Filiform (no tastebuds)
2. Fungiform
3. Circumvallate
4. Foliate
97
contents of posterior tongue
lingual tonsils
98
tongue epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous
99
papillae found in body of tongue
filiform and fungiform
100
papillae found at side of tongue
foliate
101
papillae found at sulcus terminalis
vallate
102
cells of taste buds
1. Sensory cells: large, lightly stained (circular)
2. Supporting cells: darkly stained (flame like)
3. Basal cells: at base of taste bud
103
Functions of saliva
1. Protection
2. Buffering; bicarb protects teeth
3. Antimicrobial activity
4. digestion
104
Major salivary glands
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
105
Minor salivary glands
1. Palatine
2. Lingual
106
Salivary gland type
compound tubulo-acinar
107
Salivary gland secretion method
Merocrine
108
Salivary gland serous cell secretion
thin, watery = proteins + ions
109
Salivary gland mucous cell secretion
mucin
110
serous acini characteristics
- Form an acinus
- Darkly staining
- Protein secreting
111
mucous cells characteristics
- Lighter staining
- Often form tubules instead of acini
112
Crescent shape of dark cells at the end of secretory unit
Serous demilune
113
Cells associated with secretory portion of glands
myoepithelial cells = contract to expel secretions
114
Duct system
secretory end portion (acini) > intercalated duct > Striated duct > Interlobular/excretory ducts'
115
Parotid gland composition
Compound acinar gland = Secretions abundant in amylase and proline proteins
116
Submandibular gland composition
serous, mucous + seromucous (serous cells predominately) = Secrete amylase, proline proteins, lysozyme + mucigen
117
Sublingual gland composition
Mixed seromucous gland, predominately mucous cells = secrete mostly mucus but some amylase and lysozyme
118
Minor salivary glands product
usually mucous secreting
119
Von Ebners glands
Found at the base of circumvallate papillae, entirely serous + secrete lipase
120
nervous stimulation of saliva
autonomic nervous system: Parasympathetic encourages, sympathetic inhibits
121
what do dental papilla cells form?
Odontoblasts
122
what do odontoblasts produce?
predentine
123
odontoblast cell process
forms dentinal tubule
124
Root formation
Hertwig's Epithelial root sheath
125
Junction between enamel and dentine
Amelodentinal junction
126
Tooth layers
1. Enamel
2. Dentine
3. Cementum
4. Pulp
127
Olfactory epithelium type
Pseudostratified columnar
128
Olfactory epithelium cells
1. Olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons, cilia at apical end)
2. Support cells (sustentacular cells) (columnar/long)
3. Basal cells (small spherical/flame shaped)
129
Olfactory mucosa glands
Tubulo-alveolar serous glands (olfactory/Bowman's glands)
130
3 layers of the eye
1. Corneoscleral coat
2. vascular coat (uvea)
3. Retina
131
conjunctiva epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
132
Space between cornea and iris
Anterior chamber
133
Space between posterior surface or iris and anterior surface of the lens
Posterior chamber
134
Space between posterior surface of the lens and neural retina
Vitreous chamber
135
types of leukocytes
1. Granulocytes (polymorphic/multiple lobed nuclei): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
2. Agranulocytes (round nucleus): Lymphocytes, monocytes
136
Remove worn out erythrocytes from circulation
macrophages
137
Neutrophil function
ingest bacteria + damaged cells
138
Eosinophil function
- secrete factors that mediate allergic responses (histaminase)
- Phagocytose parasites
139
Basophil function
Contain histamine = act as effector cells in allergic reactions
140
Monocyte function
Enter CT to become macrophages or phagocytes
141
lymphocyte T Cell function
cell mediated immunity, mature in thymus
142
lymphocyte B Cell function
Humoral (antibody) mediated immunity, mature in bone marrow
143
Platelet function
release granule contents upon contact with collagen outwith the endothelium = begins clot formation
144
types of bone marrow
red and yellow
145
Produced by myeloid stem cells
erythrocytes, megakaryocytes + platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes
146
produced by lymphoid stem cells
B + T cells
147
Beginning cell of erythropoiesis
Proerythroblast
148
Invaginations of megakaryocyte plasma membrane
demarcation membranes
149
Primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
150
secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, peyer's patches (MALT/GALT)
151
infant thymus
lobules consisting of basophilic (dark staining) cortex and eosinophilic medulla
152
where are Hassalls corpuscles found
Thymic medulla
153
What are secondary nodules and where are they found
spheres of B cells with a germinal centre (actively dividing) and a mantle zone (resting) found in lymph node cortex
154
lymph node paracortex cells
T cells
155
vessels in paracortical region of lymph node
High endothelial venules
156
What do B lymphocytes mature into?
plasma cells + B cells
157
What do the palatine tonsils form
Waldeyer's ring
158
Spleen functions
1. Immune response
2. Removal of aged blood cells
3. Production of blood cells during foetal life
159
spleen red pulp contents
splenic venous sinusoids and splenic cords (located outside the marginal zone)
160
spleen white pulp contents
central arteriole surrounded by periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) = Light germinal centre and darker outer marginal zone
161
Name the organ and parts A B + C
Pituitary gland
A = Pars distalis
B = Pars intermedia
C = Pars nervosa
162
Name parts A + B
A = posterior lobe
B = anterior lobe
163
Identify the region of the pituitary gland and the cells represented by A and B and Cp
Adenohypophysis/Pars distalis
A = Acidophils
B = Basophils
Cp = chromophobes
164
Identify the region of the pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis/pars distalis
165
Identify the region of the pituitary gland and the cells represented by P and NB
Neurohypophysis/pars nervosa
P = pituicytes
NB = Herring bodies
166
Name the organ + region
Thyroid gland parenchyma with follicles
167
Name the structure and it’s epithelium
Thyroid follicle = simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
168
Name cell A
Follicular cells
169
Name cell A
C cells
170
Name the organ and the cells A
Parathyroid glands, chief cells (lightly stained, dark nuclei)
171
Name cells A
Oxyphil cells (eosinophilic)
172
Name the papillae
Fungiform
173
Name the organ
Adrenal gland
174
Name the structure
Lips
V= vermillion border
175
Name the structure
Hard palate
176
Name the structure
Tongue
177
Name the papillae
Filiform
178
Name the papillae
Foliate
179
Name the papillae
Circumvallate
180
Name A
Taste pore
181
Name A
Sensory cells
182
Name A
Support cell
183
Name A
Basal cell
184
Name duct A
Intercalated duct
185
Name duct A
Striated duct
186
Name duct *
Interlobular/collecting/excretory
187
Name the structure
Posterior third of tongue (lingual tonsils)
188
Name the stage of tooth development
Cap stage
189
Identify the indicated feature
White pulp spleen, Central arteriole and PALS
190
Identify the indicated feature
White pulp spleen
191
Identify the indicated feature
Germinal centre of white pulp
192
Identify the indicated feature
Central arteriole of white pulp
193
Identify the indicated cell
Platelet
194
Identify the indicated cell
Lymphocyte
195
Identify the indicated cell
Neutrophil
196
Identify the indicated cell
Eosinophil
197
Name the structure
Lymph node
198
Identify the indicated feature
Lymphatic nodules
199
Identify the indicated feature of lymph node
High endothelial venule
200
Identify the organ
Thymus
201
Identify the feature indicated by the bracket
Rouleaux
202
Identify the cell
Neutrophil
203
Identify the cell
Eosinophil
204
Identify the cell
Basophil
205
Identify the cell
Lymphocyte
206
Identify the cell
Monocyte
207
Identify the tissue
Bone marrow: venous sinusoids and cords of hemopoietic cells
208
Lymphatic vessels
209
Identify the structure of the lymph node and what cells it contains
Secondary nodule: mantle zone and germinal centre made up of B cells
210
Identify the structure
Palatine tonsil
211
Identify the gland
Sublingual
212
Identify the gland
Submandibular
213
Identify the gland
Lingual
214
Identify the gland
Parotid
215
Identify the indicated feature
Epithelium (cornea)
216
Identify the indicated feature
Corneal stroma
217
Identify the indicated feature
Organ of corti
218
Identify the indicated feature
Stria vascularis
219
Identify the indicated feature
Basilar membrane
220
Identify the indicated feature
Spiral ligament
221
Identify the indicated feature
Scala tympani
222
Identify the indicated feature
Cochlear duct
223
Identify the indicated feature
Scala vestibuli
224
Identify the indicated feature
Vestibular/Reissner’s membrane
225
Identify the indicated feature
Helicotrema
226
Identify the indicated feature
Modiolus with vessels and cochlear ganglia
227
Identify the indicated feature
Spiral ganglion
228
Identify the indicated feature
Organ of corti
229
Identify the indicated feature
Tectorial membrane
230
Identify the indicated feature
Bowman’s membrane
231
Identify the indicated feature
Endothelium
232
Identify the indicated feature
Retinal pigment epithelium (simple cuboidal, melanin rich)
233
Identify the indicated feature
Choroid
234
Identify the indicated feature
Outer nuclear layer (nucleated parts of rods and cones)
235
Identify the indicated feature
Outer limiting membrane (junctional complexes between photoreceptors and supportive cells)
236
Identify the indicated feature
Outer plexiform layer (synapse between photoreceptors and bipolar cells)
237
Identify the indicated feature
Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cell and muller cell nuclei)
238
Identify the indicated feature
Inner plexiform layer (synapse between bipolar and ganglion cells)
239
Identify the indicated feature
Ganglion cell layer (ganglion cell bodies)
240
Identify the indicated feature
Nerve fibre layer (ganglion cell axons)
241
Identify the indicated feature
Inner limiting membrane (basal lamina of muller cells)
242
Identify the indicated feature
Ora Serrata transitioning
243
Identify the indicated feature
Tastebuds
244
Identify the indicated feature
Retina
245
Identify the indicated feature
Sclera
246
Identify the indicated feature
Lamina cribrosa
247
Identify the indicated feature
Ciliary process
248
Identify the indicated feature
Rods and cones layer
249
retinal pigmented epithelial cell contents and functions
1. melanin: prevents light from entering
2. Lysosomes: Phagocytose rod + cone debris
3. forms blood-retina barrier
250
blood supply of the retina
1. central retinal artery
2. choroid layer
251
what fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?
Aqueous humor
252
Where is aqueous humour secreted?
Ciliary processes
253
What structure drains excess aqueous humour?
trabecular meshwork at scleral portion of corneoscleral junction (surface of anterior chamber) into Canal of schlem
254
which fluid fills the cochlear duct?
Endolymph
255
what does the stria vascularis produce?
endolymph
256
Where is the aqueous humour outflow tract found?
iridocorneal angle
257
choroid layer is abundant in melanocytes: true or false?
True!
258
region where choroid and sclera meet
suprachoroidal lamina
259
What do SPM + DPM represent in this photo of the iris?
SPM: sphincter pupillae muscle
DPM: dilator pupillae muscle
260
rods and cones
rods = light
cones = colour
261
what is the ora serrata?
separates neural and ciliary parts of retina
262
Indent found lateral to optic disc
fovea centralis - contains only cones surrounded by macula lutea
263
where are ceruminous glands found?
external auditory meatus submucosa = secrete cerumen (earwax)
264
what fills the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?
perilymph
265
Structure found in utricle and saccule
maculae (respond to linear acceleration, gravity etc. via otoconia = vestibular system)
266
ear structure that responds to head rotation
crista ampullaris
267
Tis
Tumour contained in mucosa (adenoma = benign >95% survival)
268
T1
tumour invaded submucosa
269
T2
Tumour invaded muscularis externa
270
T3
tumour invaded CT surrounding muscularis externa
271
T4
Tumour has perforated serosa of the colon
272
N0
tumour doesn't affect lymph nodes
273
N1
Tumour affects lymph nodes
274
M0
No metastasis to different tissues
275
M1
metastasis to distant tissues
276
Stage I
T1/2 N0 M0 (95% survival)
277
Stage IIA
T3 N0 M0 (85% survival)
278
Stage IIB
T4 N0 M0
279
Stage IIIA
T1/2 N1 M0 (65% survival)
280
Stage IIIB
T3/4 N1 M0 (65% survival)
281
Stage IV
any T any N M1 (8% survival)
282
Name A, B, C, D + E
A: Enamel
B: Amelodentinal junction
C: dentine
D: cementum
E: pulp
283
Name stage A, B, C, D + E
A: Bud stage
B: Cap stage
C: Bell stage
D: Late bell stage
E: Crown stage
284
Identify A, B + C
A: Basal cells
B: olfactory receptors
C: support cells
285
What anchors cementum to the alveolar bone
periodontal ligament
286
where is oxytocin synthesized
paraventricular nuclei - hypothalamus
287
which cells form enamel
ameloblasts
288
contents of lymph node medullary cords
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
289
What is a reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte
290
Optic nerve fibres retinal layer
ganglion cell layer
291
What stimulates the Zona fasciculata to secrete cortisol?
ACTH
292
Epinephrine cells characteristics
smaller + moderately dense/light core
293
norepinephrine cell characteristics
large + relatively dense
294
Stain used to visualize blood
giemsa and wright
295
Stages of blood cell production
proliferation, differentiation, maturation
296
Attachment site for the edges of the tympanic membrane
Tympanic annulus
297
Epithelium lining Eustachian tube
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar
298
Pigment present in cones
Iodopsin
299
Membranes associated with organ of corti
Basilar and tectorial membranes
300
Structure of cristae ampullaris that detects head turning
Cupola
301
Structure over which otoconia move
Kinocilum of hair cells embedded in the otolithic membrane
302
Structure that detects changes in head position
Maculae of utricle and saccule
303
Choroid membrane next to retina
Bruch’s membrane
304
Process by which megakaryocytes are produced
Thrombocytopoiesis
