Test 2

Question 1

The plant body is what

Answer 1

Various tissues united and organized into a structured pattern to form Organs such as roots,stems, and leaves

Question 2

Root structure is responsible for what

Answer 2

-absorbing and conducting water and mineral nutrients
- anchoring and supports
- storage
- root systems make up 1/4-1/2 of a plants dry weight

Question 3

What is the root cap

Answer 3

The root cap is a mass of parenchyma cells that cover the tip of each root. It functions to protect the root as it pushes through soil. Cells are mucilaginous to help slip through soil. Also appear to function in gravitropism

Question 4

What is the Region of cell division made of

Answer 4

Made up of the root apical meristem that produces new cells for the root cap and other cells

Question 5

What is the purpose of the region of cell division

Answer 5

Cells elongate pushing the root cap and apical meristem through the soil. Also where primary tissues start to develop

Question 6

Region of maturation (differentiation)

Answer 6

The root hair zone, epidermal cells increase absorptive surface area to absorb more water and minerals.

Question 7

Root hairs

Answer 7

Root hairs are very fragile and short lived. Older hairs die off naturally and are replaced. However in functions hairs are damaged the plants abilities to grow may be damaged.

Question 8

Cells in the regions of maturation

Answer 8

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular cylinder

Question 9

What is the epidermis

Answer 9

Outer layer of living cells

Question 10

What is the cortex and where is it found

Answer 10

Composed of parenchyma cells that function in food storage
Found between the epidermis and inner tissues

Question 11

Where is the endodermis found and what does it do

Answer 11

A single layered cylinder of tightly arranged cells with suberin Found in the cortex

Suberin bands called casuarina strips force all water and minerals to pass through the endodermis’s membrane regulating what is absorbed

Question 12

What is the vascular cylinder

Answer 12

Sometimes called a stele it is a core of tissue inside the endodermis made of cells that conduct food and water

Question 13

What is the pericycle

Answer 13

A single layer of cells located inside the endodermis

Question 14

What does the primary xylem in dicots and gymnosperms resemble

Answer 14

A plus sign with fins within the vascular cylinder

Question 15

Where does primary phloem develop

Answer 15

Between the xylem fins

Question 16

In woods dicots and gymnosperms where is the secondary phloem and xylem produced

Answer 16

Secondary phloem produced to the outside and secondary xylem to the inside causing roots and shoots to increase in girth

Question 17

Where do adventitious roots form

Answer 17

May form at anyplace on plant tissue other than radicle off germinating seed

Question 18

What are examples of roots for human benefit

Answer 18

Food- sweet potatoes, licorice, ginger, coffee, beets
Drugs- ipecac, nicotine
Insecticide- nicotine
Dyes-

Question 19

What three primary tissues make up the stem

Answer 19

Epidermis
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue

Question 20

what is the purpose of ground tissue

Answer 20

produces tissues comprised of parenchyma cells ie cortex, and pith

Question 21

what is the cortex

Answer 21

cell tissue that extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue, comprised of sclerenchyma, collenchyma, and or parenchyma (parenchyma have the ability to resume division and form new tissue when wounded, thus providing a protective mechanism for the stem, and a means of vegetative propagation.

Question 22

what is pitch

Answer 22

parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem

Question 23

what is vascular tissue

Answer 23

The vascular system consists of pericycle, primary phloem and xylem, vascular cambium, rays, and pith. Differs among dicot monocot and gymnosperm plants.

Question 24

what is the purpose of rays

Answer 24

transfer water and sugar from phloem to the cork cambium to bulid bark

Question 25

difference between herbaceous dicot and herbaceous monocot

Answer 25

in herbaceous monocot stems, vascular bundles are scattered, while in herbaceous dicot stems, vascular bundles are organized in a ring.

Question 26

what is a stomata

Answer 26

air pore present in the epidermal layer in all green herbaceous tissue

Question 27

what does the shoot apical meristem produce

Answer 27

5 primary tissues - epidermis -primary xylem and phloem -cortex -pith

Question 28

How are primary xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles

Answer 28

primary xylem and primary phloem are arranged in Vascular bundles with the xylem toward the inside and the phloem toward the outside ○ The vascular bundles are "scattered" throughout the pith parenchyma, but occur most frequently near the epidermis Bundles are surrounded by layers of thick walled cells called a bundle sheath that function in protection and help to support the vertical growth of the plants.

Question 29

do monocots grow in girth

Answer 29

○ Because monocots lack a vascular cambium producing secondary vascular tissue, they do not increase in girth but exhibit primary growth only. ○ Increase in girth results from increasing layers of leaf sheaths as leaves are shed and new leaves are produced by the shoot Apical Meristem.

Question 30

in herbaceous dicots how to vascular bundles arrange

Answer 30

- Vascular bundles remain separate and distinct arranged in a single circle (ring) in the stem near the epidermis. - A large proportion of the stem remains cortex and pith tissue, and its strength comes from pericycle fibers adjacent to the phloem or from collenchyma or sclerenchyma tissue just beneath the epidermis

Question 31

how are spring wood and summer wood produced in woody dicots and gymnosperms

Answer 31

- Secondary xylem is actively produced by the vascular cambium in early spring producing large, porous tracheid's and vessels (early or spring wood); and denser cells in late summer (late or summer wood) - These obvious differences in xylem form the annual growth rings in trees - The xylem cells are short-lived are considered dead at maturity, providing strength and structure to the plant (i.e. wood).

Question 32

what is bark and when is it formed

Answer 32

- Epidermis will differentiate into a cork cambium once a plant has reached that level of maturity, and start to produce bark tissue - Bark refers to everything outside the vascular cambium:

Question 33

what is inner bark and outer bark made up of

Answer 33

○ Inner bark is made up of primary and secondary phloem ○ Outer bark (periderm) is developed by the cork cambium producing cork tissue to the outside where the oldest cells are continually being sloughed off. Secondary phloem produced toward the outside of the stem by the vascular cambium, and bark tissue produced inside by the cork cambium continually compresses these short-lived cells

Question 34

what is lenticel

Answer 34

○ Lenticel is a pore in bark tissue (replaces the stomata found in primary epidermal tissue) and function in gas exchange (all living cells need oxygen, including the vascular cambium and the newly formed living secondary xylem and phloem cells)

Question 35

what are stolons (runners

Answer 35

- Stolons (runners): horizontal stems that grow above ground, with long internodes. Adventitious buds appear at alternate nodes and develop into new plants e.g. strawberries

Question 36

what are rhizomes

Answer 36

- Rhizomes: a horizontal stem with long internodes that grows below ground. Adventitious roots develop along the lower surface (e.g. Iris)

Question 37

what are bulbs

Answer 37

- Bulbs: large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves e.g. onions, lilies, and tulips

Question 38

what are corm

Answer 38

Corms: composed nearly entirely of stem tissue except for a few papery leaves e.g. crocus, gladiolus.

Question 39

what are tubers

Answer 39

- Tubers: form from several internodes at the tips of stolons, they swell as they store food (mainly starches) e.g. potatoes - Tubers, Bulbs, and corms all store food)

Question 40

what are tendrils

Answer 40

○ Tendrils: climbing plants, some with adhesive discs (stem modification)

Question 41

what are succulents

Answer 41

○ Succulents - store food and water in their stems e.g. saguaro cacti, BoaBab tree

Question 42

list modified stems

Answer 42

-Stolons -Rhizomes -Bulbs -Corms -Tubers -Tendrils -Thorns -Succulents

Question 43

main function of leaves

Answer 43

photosynthesis

Question 44

what is the epidermis in leaves and functions

Answer 44

- A single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf that functions mainly in protection of the interior tissues. - A coating of cutin (the cuticle) is normally present and functions to further protect the leaves from drying out and damage ○ Glands may also be present on the epidermis and may secrete sticky substances

Question 45

What is transpiration

Answer 45

- Transpiration - the flow of water from roots up and out through the leaves

Question 46

Where are stomata found mostly and what is the purpose

Answer 46

- Stomata are found in the epidermal layer (mostly on the lower surface of the leaf, occurs in all green tissues including stems) - Stomata are pores, each surrounded by two chlorophyll-containing guard cells - Stomata function in transpiration, the uptake and release of water - The guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata through which carbon dioxide enters the plant and oxygen is released.

Question 47

What is the main purpose of mesophyll

Answer 47

- Most photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll layers of leaves. There are two distinguishable layers:

Question 48

what is palisade mesophyll

Answer 48

- Palisade mesophyll: commonly 2 rows of compactly packed barrel-shaped cells containing more than 80% of the leaf's chloroplasts found just beneath the upper epidermis

Question 49

what is spongy mesophyll

Answer 49

- Spongy mesophyll: loosely arranged parenchyma cells containing numerous chloroplasts, with abundant air spaces are referred to as chlorenchyma and may also be found in the stems of herbaceous plants. - Monocots usually do not have differentiated mesophyll layers in their leaves.

Question 50

What are veins in leaves and what are they comprised of

Answer 50

- Veins are vascular bundles in the leaves arranged throughout the mesophyll - Consist of xylem and phloem surrounded by a layer of thick-walled parenchyma cells called a bundle sheath

Question 51

what is the purpose of veins

Answer 51

- Phloem carries the photosynthetic products away from the leaves to other parts of the plant and is located on the lower side of the leaf - Xylem carries water to the mesophyll cells from the root system to provide water for photosynthesis to occur and is located on the upper side of the leaf - The leaves of dicots vary considerably in size and shape, but practically all have veins arranged in the shape of nets (netted or reticulate venation) - Monocots typically have strap-shaped leaves with parallel veins and interveinous connections between major veins

Question 52

what is the human and ecological relevance of leaves

Answer 52

- Shade trees and shrubs for aesthetics and functional cooling. - Food ○ Leaves of cabbage, parsley, lettuce, and spinach ○ Petioles of celery, rhubarb ○ Spices and flavour: thyme, basil, dill, mint, and cilantro - Dyes: e.g. henna - Cordage fibers: ropes and twines from agave - Fuel source - Oils: citronella oil; camphor (medicinal) - Drugs; tobacco marijuana, aloe - Beverages: tea, tequila - Insecticides: rotenone