test 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum
A
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
2
Q
the white matter in the cerebrum is made of (a) of fibers:
(b) fibers that (b)
(c) fibers that (c)
(d) fibers that (d)
A
a. 3
b. commissure, connect the right and left hemispheres
c. projection, connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem
d. association, within things within each hemisphere
3
Q
what are basal nuclei
A
masses of grey matter buried within each hemisphere
4
Q
basal nuclei have 3 functions:
a)
b)
c)
A
a) help unconscious control of voluntary movements
b) regulate movements, (stop, start and intensity)
c) contribute to procedural (unconscious and long term) learning for cerebral cortex
5
Q
basal nuclei is connected to a), b), and c)
A
a) cortex motor areas
b) thalamus
c) midbrain
6
Q
the cerebral cortex exhibits 3 abilities:
a)
b)
c)
name their functions
A
a) topographic mapping: the body’s surface and features of the world are mapped out by the brain
b) plasticity: the ability to reorganize it’s structure, function and connections in response to stimuli
b) lateralization: the left and right part of the brain process info in diff ways and control different patterns of behaviour
7
Q
describe the brodmann’s area
A
a system to divide the cerebral cortex into regions according to functional organization
8
Q
how do somatopy and cerebral cortex relate
A
somatopy is how specific functions are localized in different areas in the cerebral cortex
9
Q
what are the rules of somatopy
A
- each hemisphere is organized w functions of the opposite side of the body
- the 2 hemisphere’s arent equal in function
- no area functions on its own
10
Q
what is the difference between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex
A
the cerebral cortex lies on the outer layer of the cerebrum. the cerebrum divides the brain into 2 hemispheres
11
Q
the frontal lobe is responsible for a) such as b) and c)
A
a) voluntary motor
b) thinking (executive functions)
c) personality (emotions and behaviour control)
12
Q
the parietal lobe is responsible for a) such as b) and c)
A
a) somatosensory
b) touch pressure temp
c) perception and making sense of the world
13
Q
the occipital lobe is responsible for a)
A
a) vision
14
Q
the temporal lobe is responsible for a) and b)
A
a) hearing
b) understanding language
15
Q
the motor cortex is responsible for a) and the sensory cortex is responsible for b)
A
a) movement
b) sensations
16
Q
primary somatosensory is located in a) and receives info about b) from c) and about d) from e).
it’s ability to determine f) is due to g)
A
a) post central gyrus in parietal lobe
b) touch pressure temp
c) skin receptors
d) joint and muscle position
e) muscles joints and tendons
f) the area of stimulus
g) stimulating the specific neuron path going to specific areas
17
Q
primary visual is located in a) and receives b) from c)
A
a) occipital lobe
b) visual info
c) eyes
18
Q
primary gustatory is located in the a) and receives b)
A
a) insula and frontla lobe
b) impulses for taste
18
Q
primary olfactory is located in the a) and receives b)
A
a) temporal lobe
b) impulses for smell
18
Q
primary motor area is located in a) and it controls b).
electrical signal stimulation causes c) of any motor area
different muscles are represented d)
A
a) precentral gyrus and frontal lobe
b) voluntary contractions of specific muscle or groups of muscles
c) contraction
d) unequally
18
Q
brocas speech is located in the a) and it controls b).
impulses from the broca’s area to the c) control d)
A
a) frontal lobe
b) the larynx, pharynx and mouth
c) primary motor area
d) the breathing muscles to regulate air flow
18
Q
frontal eye field is located in the a) and it controls b). more specifically it controls c)
A
a) frontal lobe
b) eye movement
c) voluntary scanning movement of eyes
18
Q
association areas interpret a). it’s found in b) and are all connected by c).
A
a) using memory
b) all regions of the brain
c) association tracts
19
Q
somatosensory association receives input from a). it allows you to b) and it’s able to c).
A
a) from the primary somatosensory area and thalamus
b) determine the exact shape/texture/orientation/relation to others of an object
c) store memories of past somatosensory experiences
20
visual association is located in the a). it recognizes b) and it interprets c)
a) occipital lobe
b) color shape and recognition
c) vision
21
auditory association recognizes a) and interprets b)
a) memory and recognition
b) sound
22
wernicke's area interprets a) by b)
a) the meaning of speech
b) recognizing spoken words
23
the prefrontal cortex is responsible for the a) like b). it's connected to the c) and if it's damaged, then d)
a) makeup of a person's personality
b) learning, judgement, planning, empathy, mood
c) limbic system
d) rudeness and incapability of empathy
24
pre motor deals with a). it generates b) that cause c). it works mainly by control of d)
a) learned activities of a complex and sequential
b) nerve impulses
c) specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
d) primary motor cortex
25
general interpretative area is located in a) and correlates info from b)
a) temporal parietal occipital
b) sensory info
26
lateralization is a a). both sides receive b) info but with some c). the corpus callosum ensures d).
a) division between the 2 hemispheres
b) the same
c) individual variation
d) instant communication between the 2 sides
27
the left side is a), while the right side is b)
a) logical/sequential processing
b) spatial abilities and musical/artistic abilities and facial recognition
28
sensory info arrives at a) from b). it's interpreted in c). it's sent to d). e) and f) set up motor action. g) sends out command to skeletal muscles and spinal cord. h) corrects ongoing movement and receives intent from i).
a) primary somatosensory
b) thalamus
c) somatosensory association
d) prefrontal cortex
e) premotor cortex
f) basal nuclei
g) primary motor
h) cerebellum
i) cortex
29
blood and interstitial fluid move around to a) or b).
a) obtain oxygen and nutrients
b) eliminate CO2/waste
30
interstitial fluid is fluid that a) and is constantly b)
a) bathes body cells
b) renewed by blood
31
describe the way IF and blood work together:
- nutrients/oxygen: a) transports b), which are diffused from c) into d), which is brought to body cells
- CO2/waste: e) receives waste from body cells and transfers it into f). it's then transported by g) to waste organs for elimination
a) blood
b) O2 and nutrients
c) blood
d) IF
e) IF
f) blood
g) blood
32
blood transports:
a)
b)
c)
d)
a) respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
b) nutrients and waste
c) hormones
d) heat
33
blood helps regulate the body, as a) helps maintain b). For example, it regulates by using c), helps adjust d) and regulates e)
a) circulation
b) homeostasis
c) buffers for pH
d) body temp
e) ion concentration and blood volume
34
physical characteristics of blood
- it's a) than water and slightly b)
- the color varies with c)
--> bright red when d)
--> dark red when e)
a) denser
b) sticky
c) oxygen content
d) saturated with o2
e) unsaturated with o2
35
plasma makes up a) of blood. it's the b) part of blood as it's a c) . It's made of dissolved substances, particularly d).
the e) only found in blood are called f), and they're synthesized by the g).
a) 55%
b) fluid
c) watery liquid extracellular matrix.
d) proteins, ions, nutrients and waste
e) proteins
f) plasma proteins or dissolved proteins
g) liver
36
there are a) types of plasma proteins or dissolved proteins.
The first is b). it makes up c) of the proteins, as it's considered the d) plasma protein. it's a major contributor to e), transports f) and acts as a g).
the second plasma protein is a). it's function is b). This happens because the c), which is d), is converted into e), which is f)
the third plasma protein is a). it transports b) for c). d)/e) are a type of a) that are produced during f).
a) 3
b) albumin
c) 60%
d) major
e) osmotic pressure in blood
f) fatty acids, steroids and hormones
g) buffer
a) fibrinogen
b) blood clotting
c) fibrinogen
d) soluble
e) fibrin
f) insoluble
a) globulin
b) proteins
c) metals, fat and thyroid hormone
d) antibodies
e) immunoglobulins
f) immune responses
37
formed elements make up a) of blood. it consists of b).
- c) of formed elements are d), which transport e) from lungs to body cells, and transport f) from body cells to lungs.
- the rest of formed elements are made of a) and b). a) protects the body from c), while also contributes to the body's d). b) are fragments of e) with no f). they release chemicals that promote g) when h) are damaged.
a) 45%
b) cell and cell fragments
c) 99%
d) red blood cells
e) oxygen
f) co2
a) white blood cells
b) platelets
c) invading pathogens and foreign substances
d) defence mechanism
e) cells
f) nucleus
g) blood clotting
h) blood vessels
38
hematocrit is known as the a). it indicates the b) of blood. on average c) have a higher hematocrit than d) because e) stimulates the synthesis of a f) that g).
a) the percentage of total blood volume occupied by rbc
b) the oxygen carrying capacity
c) males
d) females
e) testosterone
f) hormone
g) stimulates the production of rbc
39
densities of components of blood:
a) > b) > c)
a) formed elements
b) buffy coat (wbc and platelets)
c) blood plasma
40
blood contributes to different kinds of homeostasis:
the first way is by a) being in equilibrium with b). this occurs because the c) of b) is controlled by the d) of a). the difference between the two is that a) contains e) while b) doesn't.
The second way is a), which is described as the b) on c) due to d). in other words, its the e) that must be applied in order to f) . it's caused by g) because they h).
the last way is by a), which is the b). this can happen due to c), which form a d). or it can happen due to e), which is triggered by f).
a) plasma
b) IF
c) ion composition
d) ion composition
e) proteins
a) osmotic pressure
b) pulling force
c) water
d) the presence of solutes in solution
e) minimum pressure
f) prevent the flow of water across a permeable membrane
g) albumin proteins
h) pull water into blood
a) hemostasis
b) stopping of blood flow
c) platelets
d) temporary plug when they swell and stick together
e) fibrin
f) wound signals
41
the position of the heart is as follows:
- it rests on the a) near the midline of the b)
- it's in the c), which is between d)
- it's slightly tilted to the e)
a) diaphragm
b) thoracic cavity
c) mediastinum
d) the lungs
e) left
42
the pericardium is the a) that b) the heart. it confines the heart to its c) but allows enough movement for d). it's made of 2 main parts.
the first is the a), and it's b). it's made of c) and resembles a d) attached to the diaphragm. it prevents the heart from e), f) the heart and g) the heart to the mediastinum
the second is the a), and it's b). it's a c) layer that forms a d) around the heart. the outer e) layer is fused to the f). and the g) is the inner h) layer. it i) to the surface of the heart.
a) membrane
b) surrounds and protects
c) position
d) contraction
a) fibrous pericardium
b) superficial
c) tough, inelastic dense irregular connective tissue
d) bag
e) overstretching
f) protects
g) anchors
a) serous pericardium
b) deep
c) thinner and more delicate
d) double layer
e) parietal
f) fibrous pericardium
g) epicardium
h) visceral
i) adheres
43
the pericardial cavity is the cavity a). it holds the b), which c)
a) between the parietal and visceral layers
b) pericardial fluid
c) reduces friction
44
there are 3 layers of the heart:
the outermost layer is the a). it's the visceral layer of the b). it's thin, transparent layer is made of c), and under that, there's d) and e), that's thickest over the f).
the middle layer is the a), and it makes up b) of the wall. it's responsible for the c). it's made of d), which is wrapped in e) by sheaths of f) and g). it's also made of h), which wrap around and anchor the i) and electrically isolate the j).
the third layer is the a). it's made of b) and c) for a d) surface. it provides e) for the heart chambers and f) the valves
a) epicardium
b) serous pericardium
c) mesothelium
d) fibro elastic tissue
e) adipose tissue
f) ventricles
a) myocardium
b) 95%
c) pumping action
d) cardiac muscles
e) bundles
f) endomysium
g) perimysium
h) fibrous skeleton fibers
i) valves
j) atria and ventricles
a) endocardium
b) simple squamous epithelium
c) connective tissue
d) frictionless
e) smoothness
f) covers
45
vocab:
- pulmonary circuit: a)
- systemic circuit: b)
- coronary circuit: c)
a) right side pumps blood to lungs to pick up o2 and unload co2
b) left side pumps to the tissues of the body to deliver nutrients and 02, while picking up co2
c) supplies blood to heart
46
there are 4 chambers in the heart. 2 a) chambers, known as the b), and 2 c) chambers, known as d)
a) superior receiving
b) atria
c) inferior pumping
d) ventricles
47
auricles have a a) appearance
their function is to b)
a) dog ear
b) increase the capacity of atrias to hold a greater volume of blood
48
sulci are the a) that mark the b) between c).
there are two main types. the first is d), which encircles e) and marks the f). the second is g), which marks the h)
a) grooves
b) external boundaries
c) the 2 chambers
d) coronary sulcus
e) most of the heart
f) boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles
g) anterior inter ventricular sulcus
h) boundary between the right and left ventricles
49
the right atrium receives blood from 3 veins, a), b), c). blood passes from right atrium to right d) through the e), which is also known as the f)
a) superior vena cava
b) inferior vena cava
c) coronary sinus
d) ventricle
e) tricuspid valve
f) atrioventricular valve
50
the right ventricle forms most of the a) surface. inside has ridges, which are b), made of c). the AV valve is connected to d), which are tendon like, are are connected to the c). blood passes from the right ventricle, through the e), which leads into the f). f) then splits into the left and right g). blood is then carried out of the heart and into the h).
a) anterior
b) trabecular carnae
c) bundles of cardiac muscle
d) chordae tendinae
e) semilunar valve
f) pulmonary trunk
g) arteries
h) lungs
51
the left atrium receives blood from a) through 4 b). blood goes from left atrium to c) through the d), also known as the e)
a) lungs
b) pulmonary veins
c) left ventricle
d) bicuspid valve
e) av valve
52
the left ventricle is the a) chamber of the heart and forms the b). it contains c), and has d), which anchor the e) of the bicuspid valve. blood goes through the f) into the g). then some blood goes to the h), which brings blood to the heart walls, and the rest goes to the i), which brings the blood to the body
a) thickest
b) apex
c) trabeculae carnae
d) choardae tendineae
e) cusps
f) aortic semilunar valve
g) ascending aorta
h) coronary arteries
i) aortic arch
53
the thickness of the myocardinal varies with the functions of each chamber
the atria are a) and deliver blood under b) over c) distances
the ventricles are d) and pump blood under e) over f) distances. ventricles carry g) amounts of blood.
- the right ventricle has a a) workload and pumps blood to b) with c) pressure and d) resistance. it has a e) lumen.
- the left ventricle has a f) workload and pumps blood to g) with h) pressure and i) resistance. it has a j) lumen
a) thin walled
b) less pressure
c) shorter
d) thick walled
e) more pressure
f) longer distances
g) same
a) smaller
b) lungs
c) lower
d) less
e) crescent shape
f) greater
g) body
h) higher
i) greater
j) circular shaped
54
Heart valves open and close in response to a) changes. they ensure b)-way flow, open to c) and close to d).
a) pressure
b) one
c) let blood thru
d) prevent backflow
55
AV valve are located between the a) and the b). it can either be 2 flaps, c), or 3 flaps, d).
when relaxed, cusps are e) and chordae are f). and blood can pass through. when contracted, the pressure of blood g) and muscles contract and h) chordae
a) atria
b) ventricle
c) bicuspid
d) tricuspid
e) flattened against ventricles
f) slack
g) forces cusps upward until the opening is closed
h) tighten
56
there are two types of semilunar valve: a) and b). they're found between the c) and d). they're shaped with e) cusps. act like a f) to prevent backflow of blood. they open when the pressure in ventricles is g) than pressure in arteries.
a) aortic
b) pulmonary
c) ventricles
d) vessels
e) 3
f) parachute
g) greater
57
the systemic circulation is on the a) side of the heart. it receives b) blood from c). blood is sent into the d) from the e) and is divided into separate streams. f) carry it to the g).
the pulmonary circulation is on the a) side of the heart. it receives b) blood returning from the c). blood is brought to d) that carry blood to e). blood containing f) is brought to g).
a) left
b) oxygenated
c) lungs
d) aorta
e) left ventricle
f) systemic arteries
g) body
a) right
b) deoxygenated
c) systemic side
d) pulmonary arteries
e) lungs
f) oxygen
g) left atrium
58
electrical activity causes the heart to a). b) fibers are a network of c) that is the source of the electrical activity, as they repeatedly generate d) that trigger e). they're f).
a) beat
b) auto-rhythmic
c) cardiac fibers
d) action potentials
e) heart contractions
f) self excitable
59
the cardiac conduction system
1. excitation begins in the a) in the b) wall. it doesn't have a stable c), so it repeatedly d), which is called e). when e) reaches it's threshold, it triggers an f) that propagates through g)
2. the a) travels along the b) and reaches the c). c) causes a delay that allows d) to e) and f)
3. a) enters the b). this is the only side a) can conduct from the c) to d)
4. a) enters b), which extend to the c)
5. a) quickly conduct the b) upwards. this causes c) to d), which pushes blood towards the e)
a) SA node
b) right atrium wall
c) resting potential
d) depolarizes to threshold spontaneously
e) pace maker potential
f) action potential
g) both atria
a) action potential
b) atrial muscle fibers
c) AV node
d) atria
e) empty blood into ventricles
f) allow atria and ventricles to contract separately
a) action potential
b) av bundle
c) atria
d) ventricles
a) action potential
b) both right and left bundle branches
c) apex
a) purkinje fibers
b) act pot
c) ventricles
d) contract
e) semilunar valves
60
the pace maker of the heart is the a) as the b) in the a) initate the c) and set the rhythm for contraction
a) sa node
b) auto-rhythmic fibers
c) action potential
61
the action potentials of the heart
- it's initiated by the a) and it spreads to excite the b), also known as contractile fibers
the first step is a). the contractile fibers have a stable resting potential at b). the fibers are brought to c) by the act pot and d) open, letting e) in. after a couple milliseconds, the d) automatically inactivate and f) decreases.
the second step is a). this is a period of b). it's caused by the opening of c). some d) open too, which balances the e) outflow. this period is slow, and the membrane potential is aprox. f)
the last step is a). the b) open and the c) outflow restores the d). e) are closing
a second contraction can't be triggered until relaxation
a) sa node
b) ventricular fibers
a) depolarization
b) -90 mV
c) threshold
d) fast Na voltage channels
e) Na
f) Na inflow
a) plateau
b) maintained depolarization
c) voltage gated slow ca channels
d) k channels
e) ca
f) 0 mV
a) repolarization
b) k channels
c) k
d) negative resting membrane potential
e) ca channels
62
an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the a) generated by b). it's uses are to determine:
c)
d)
e)
f)
during the plateau period, the ecg is g)
a) electrical currents
b) the act pot that propagates thru the heart
c) if the conducting pathway is abnormal
d) the heart is enlarged
e) if regions of the heart are damaged
f) causes of chest pain
g) flat
63
3 waves appear during an ecg:
p wave:
- a) of the b). when the impulse spreads from the c) through the d) and triggers e)
qrs complex:
- rapid a). the b) spreads thru the c). it's also the d)
t wave:
- a) of the b) as they start to relax
a) depolarization
b) atria
c) sa node
d) contractile fibers in both atria
e) atrial contractions
a) ventricle depolarization
b) act pot
c) ventricular contraction fibers
d) repolarization of the atria
a) repolarization
b) ventricles
64
the p-q interval is the a) from the beginning of b) to the start of c). its the time for the d) to travel thru the e), f), g) of conduction system
a) conduction time
b) atrial excitation
c) ventricular excitation
d) act pot
e) atria,
f) av node,
g) fibers
65
the s-t interval is the time when the a) are b) during the c) phase
a) ventricular contraction fibers
b) depolarized
c) plateau
66
the q-t interval is the start of a) to the end of b)
a) ventricular depolarization
b) ventricular repolarization
67
systole is a) and diastole is b)
a) phase of contraction
b) phase of relaxation
68
how does ecg predict atrial/ventricle systole and diastole?
1. cardiac act pot arises in a). it propagates through b) and down to the c). as the d) depolarize, the e) wave appears
2. a) contract, which is known as b). the act pot slows at the c) and this delay allows for d). this adds blood to the e) before f) starts
3. the act pot propagates again after entering the a). it travels through the b), c) and d). e) moves upward away from the apex and outwards towards the f) surface. this makes the g) wave. at the same time, h) is occuring.
4. contraction of a) begins, also known as b). blood is squeezed upwards towards the c)
5) repolarization of a) starts at apex and works it way up. the b) wave appears. after this wave, the c) relax
a) sa node
b) atrial muscle
c) av node
d) atrial fibers
e) p
a) atria
b) atrial systole
c) av node
d) atria to contract
e) ventricles
f) ventricular systole starts
a) av bundle
b) bundle branches
c) purkinje fibers
d) ventricular fibers
e) depolarization
f) endocardial
g) qrs complex
h) atrial repolarization
a) ventricular fibers
b) ventricular systole
c) SL valves
a) ventricular fibers
b) t
c) ventricles relax (diastole)
69
heart sounds are due to a). there are 4 but you can only hear b)
a) blood turbulence caused by the closing of valves
b) 2
70
the first heart sound is a). its b) than the second one. it's caused by c)
a) lub
b) louder and longer
c) blood turbulence w closure of av valves after ventricular systole begins
71
the second heart sound is a). it's b) than the first one. it's caused by c)
a) dup
b) shorter and quieter
c) blood turbulence w closure of SL valves at start of ventricular diastole
72
when you hear a pause, it marks the a).
when you hear a murmur, its a b)
a) end of systole and beginning of diastole
b) imbalance of blood flow and incompetent valve
73
cardiac output is a).
CO = b) x c)
b) = d)
a) volume of blood ejected from the ventricular into the aorta/pulmonary trunk
b) SV (stroke volume)
c) HR
d) EDV - ESV
74
there are 3 factors that regulate SV and ensure the ventricles pump equal amounts of blood. what are they?
a)
b)
c)
a) pre load
b) contractility
c) afterload
75
preload is the a). the b) the pre load, the c) the force of contraction on the muscle fibers.
EDV is affected in 2 ways. the first is by the a). this is because an b) in HR means a c) in duration of diastole, which equals a d) EDV. this causes a e) in SV and f) preload. the second way is by venous return, which is g). if there's an h) in venous return, a i) volume of blood flows into the ventricle, and that causes an j) in EDV.
A fast HR = a) in SV = b) in EDV = c) Pre load.
a slow HR = d) in SV = e) in EDV = f) Pre load.
a) degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
b) greater
c) greater
a) duration of ventricular diastole
b) inc
c) decrease
d) smaller
e) dec
f) lower
g) the volume of blood returning to the right ventricle
h) inc
i) larger
j) inc
a) dec
b) dec
c) slower
d) inc
e) inc
f) larger
76
contractility is a). an b) in contractility means a c) of d).
- positive d) promote the inflow of e) during cardiac ac pot, which f) the force of the next contraction. another way to cause an inflow of e), is by g) and h)
- a i) in contractility is due to negative d). this is caused by j), k), l). it causes a m) in the strength of your heart beat.
a) strength of contraction at any preload
b) inc
c) inc
d) inotropic agents
e) Ca
f) inc the strength
g) stimulation of ANS
h) hormones (E and NE)
i) dec
j) inhibition of ANS
k) anesthetics
l) inc of K in IF
m) dec
77
afterload is the a). an inc in afterload = a b) in SV so that c).
a) the pressure that must be overcome before a SL valve can open
b) dec
c) more blood remains in the ventricle at the end of systole
78
if there was nothing controlling the SA node, it would set a constant HR of a). There are 2 types of regulation:
the first is a). it originates in the b) of the c). it has receptors that tell c) what to send to the b). the first is proprioreceptors that monitor d). next is chemoreceptors that monitor e), and baroreceptors that monitor f).
the second is a). it does this w hormones such as b). it enhances the hearts c) and inc d). exercise, stress, excitement all cause more hormones to be released.
a) 100 bpm
a) autonomic regulation
b) cardiovascular center
c) medulla oblongata
d) the position of limbs/muscles and sends nerve impulses at an intense freq to the cc. reason for quick rise in HR when you start working out.
e) chemical changes in blood
f) stretching of major arteries/vessels caused by pressure of blood flow
a) chemical regulation
b) epinephrine and norepinephrine
c) pumping affectedness
d) hr and contractility
79
arteries are a) vessels. they carry blood b) the heart. it goes from heart to c) to d) to e) to f)
a) efferent
b) away from
c) medium arteries
d) small arteries
e) arterioles
f) capillaries
80
capillaries are the a). groups of capillaries reunite to form b) and merge into c)
a) exchange site
b) venules (small veins)
c) veins
81
veins are a) vessels. they carry blood b) the heart.
a) afferent
b) to
82
the functions of the endocrine system are
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a) growth and development
b) metabolism (energy)
c) fluid composition and volume of ecf
d) react to environmental changes
e) control aspects of reproduction
83
the difference between the endocrine and nervous system:
the endo system releases a) signals. the target is b). it's c) acting and is d) in duration. it's involved in e).
the nervous system releases a) signals. the target is b). it's c) acting and is d) in duration. it's involved in e).
a) chemical
b) reached by blood stream
c) slow
d) long lasting
a)chemical and electrical
b) adjacent
c) fast acting
d) short
e) movement and crisis management
84
a hormone is a)
a gland is b)
a target cell is c)
a) chemical produced by a gland or organ that are released into the bloodstream and act on and alter target cells
b) organ or tissue that secrets hormones
c) a cell that has receptors for a particular hormone and is capable of responding to it.
85
what's the difference between the 3 chemical signals:
a) paracrine factors
b) hormone
c) NT
a) chemical signals that are produced by one cell and act on neighbouring cells in the same tissue/organ
b) chemical messengers that are produced by specialized glands and are transported through the bloodstream to act on specific target cells
c) chemical signals that are produced by neurons in the NS and are used to transmit signals across the synapses between neurons
86
an exocrine gland a) ducts and secretes products b)
an endocrine gland c) ducts and secretes products d)
a) has
b) onto body surfaces
c) has no
d) into IF or blood vessels
87
hormones alter cellular activity by a) to b). this triggers c) that can result in d). for lipid soluble hormones, they e) into the f) and binds to g). this causes h)-lasting changes in i).
for water soluble hormones, they a) to b) on the c), which triggers d). this causes e-lasting changes.
a) binding
b) specific receptors on the surface or inside target cells
c) intracellular signalling pathways
d) changes in genes transcription, enzyme activity, etc
e) diffuse
f) nucleus
g) DNA
h) long
i) cellular activity
a) bind
b) receptors
c) surface of target cells
d) intracellular signalling events
e) short
88
hormones can be classified based on a), b), c)
a) chemical structure
b) function
c) site of production
89
in terms of chemical structure, hormones can be classified into:
a), which are derived from b). Some examples are c)
d), which are made of e). some examples are f)
g), which are derived from h). some examples are i).
a) steroid hormones
b) cholesterol
c) testosterone, estrogen, cortisol
d) peptide hormones
e) chains of amino acids
f) insulin and growth hormone
g) amine hormones
h) amino acid tyrosine
i) epinephrine
90
lipid soluble vs water soluble:
lipid soluble are able to a) through the b) due to their c) nature. inside the cell, they bind to d) in the e), which form f) that regulate gene expression
water soluble hormones bind to a) rather than b) due to being c). the binding triggers d) that result in changes in e)
a) diffuse
b) plasma membrane of target cell
c) hydrophobic
d) hormone receptors
e) cytoplasm or nucleus
f) hormone receptor complexes
a) receptors on the surface of target cells
b) diffusing into the cell
c) hydrophilic
d) intracellular signalling events
e) gene transcription, enzyme activity and ion channel opening.
91
the second messenger signalling system is used by a) because they b) enter a cell, only bind to c). the role of a second messenger is to d).
the pathway involves a a), located on b), which activates c). that protein then activates d), who converts e) into f). f) then serves as the second messenger that activates g), which then h) leading to changes in cellular activity.
a) water soluble hormones
b) cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
c) receptors on the cell surface
d) amplify the signal initiated by the binding of the hormone
a) G protein-couple receptor
b) the surface of the target cell
c) a G protein when a hormone binds to it.
d) adenyl cyclase, which is an enzyme
e) ATP
f) cyclic AMP (cAMP)
g) protein kinases
l) phosphorylate and activate downstream effector proteins
92
describe the difference between signaling systems for the lipid and water hormones
lipid: diffuse thru the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell. Once binded, the hormone receptor complex moves into the nucleus and binds to different regions of DNA. this is a slower bc it requires the synthesis of new proteins to produce a response
water: bind to receptors on the outside of the cell, and requires the usage of a second messenger. it;s faster
93
what's the role of the hypothalamus in the endo system
it's a link between the NS and endo system because it regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. it produces hormones that eitther stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormons, which regulate the functions of other endocrine glands in the body
94
what is tropic?
the hormone that regulate the function of other endocrine glands in the body. they're produced by the pituitary gland
95
what is the HPA axis
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal azis, which is a feedback system that regulates the production and release of the cortisol in response to stress
96
how does the HPA axis work?
When the body is stressed, the a) releases b), which stimulates c) to release d). d) then travels through the bloodstream to e), where it stimulates f)
a) hypothalamus
b) CRH
c) pituitary gland
d) ACTH
e)adrenal glands on the kidneys
f) the release of cortisol
97
antagonistic hormones vs synergistic hormones
anta: hormones with opposing effects. ex. insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon increases blood glucose
syn: hormones that work together. ex. growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor ( IGF) both promote growth
98
structure of the somatic ns vs autonomic ns:
the somatic NS's effector is a), it has a motor neuron path of b) motor neurons, and the NT released is c)
the autonomic NS's effector is a), it has a motor neuron path of b) motor neurons, and the NT released is c)
a) skeletal muscle
b) 2
c) ACH
a) smooth, cardiac, glands
b) 3
c) ACH and E
99
the role of the sympathetic NS is a) and the role of the parasympathetic NS is b)
a) mobilize body for action
b) a system of maintenance and repair
100
the sympathetic nervous system has a a) preganglionic fiber and a b) post ganglionic fiber. it releases c) in preganglionic synapse and d) on target cells. it originates in e) of spinal cord and it's reaction is f) and g) lasting.
the para has a a) preganglionic fiber and a b) post ganglionic fiber. it releases c) in preganglionic synapse and d) on target cells. it originates in e) of spinal cord and it's reaction is f) and g) lasting.
a) short
b) long
c) ACH
d) Epinephrine/norepinephrine
e) thoracic lumbar region
f) widely spread
g) long lasting
a) long
b)short
c) ACH
d) ACH
e) cranial sacral region
f) short spread
g) short
101
why does the sympathetic nervous response have a longer and more widely distributed affect
because epinephrine is released into the blood stream and it has a lot more branching
102
what is the control system for the ANS
hypothalamus or medulla --> brainstem
103
which target tissues are solely innervated (supplied with veins)
in the para:
in the sym:
para: lacrimal gland
sym: sweat glands, blood vessels and adrenal medulla
