Test 2 Flashcards by Trey Garzzillo

Most natural food chains and food webs are highly _______ with respect to energy exchange.

A) Efficient

B) Inefficient

C) integrated

D) organized

E) Productive

B) Inefficient

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One average, only _____ % of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next highest trophic level.

A) two

B) sixtey

C) ten to twenty

D) forty

E) five

C) ten to twenty

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Usually around _____% of phytoplankton gross primary production is excreeted as dissolved organic matter.

A) 10

B) 50

C) 90

D) 20 - 30

E) 50-60

d) 20-30

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The excretion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by phytoplankton _______ with nutrients.

A) Increases

B) Decreases

C) Stays Constant

B) Decreases

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If the specific gravity of seawater is 16.32, then the density of the seawater is _______.

A) 16.32

B) 1.01632

C) 1.1632

D) 1.6320

E) 1.001632

B) 1.01632

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The redfield ratio is ____ for C:N:P.

A) 100:15:1

B) 106:16:1

C) 16:106:1

D) 1:16:106

E) 106:1:16

B) 106:16:1

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Rates of nutrient cycling are directly dependent on______.

A) salinity

B) density

C) temperature

D) depth

C) temperature

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The _____, rather than the concentration, is the most important factor when considering nutrient limitation.

A) temperature

B) uptake rate

C) respiration rate

D) supply rate

E) redox condition

D) supply rate

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When phytoplankton cells age or die, the C:N ratio_______.

A) increase

B) decreases

C) stays constant

A) increases

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In terms of nutrient aquisiton, ______ is more important than_________.

A) surface area, biomass

B) biomass, surface area

C) salinity, temperature

D) desity, salinity

A) surface area, biomass

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Small Reynolds numbers may explain the ______ small zooplankton and ciliates.

A) buoyancy features of

B) surface to volume ratio of

C) swimming appendages used by

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According to Stokes law, a sphere will increase its sinking speed in proportion to the _____ of the radius.

A) inverse

B) square

C) cube

D) square root

E) reciprocal

B) square

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For very small cells (1-10um), diffusion is faster than ______ for nutrient supply to the cell surface.

A) active uptake

B) passive uptake

C) osmosis

D) viscosity

E) swimming

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Oligotrophic phytoplankton species with smaller cells usually have a ______ half saturation constant (Kt) than larger cells for nutrient uptake.

A) higher

B) lower

C) constant

B) lower

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The sum material and energy gains and losses is ___________.

A) respiration

B) reproduction

C) growth

D) NPP

C) growth

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A major source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in epipelagic ocean waters is ____________.

A) excretion

B) respiration

C) outgassing

D) marine snow

E) atmospheric deposition

A) excretion

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For a standard phytoplankton growth curve, the specific growth rate is ________ the doubling time.

A) larger than

B) smaller than

C) equal to

D) divided by

E) one-half

A) larger than

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At the equator, phytoplankton production is generally _________.

A) light limited

B) temperature limited

C) nutrient limited

D) seasonal

E) high

C) nutrient limited

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The thickness of the diffusive boundary layer surrounding a sinking particle ______ with decreasing water flow.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) remains constant

D) mixes

E) reduces the diffusion coefficient

A) increases

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The main determinant of the metabolic rate of an organism is its ________.

A) size

B) biomass

C) surface area

D) surface area and biomass

E) age

C) surface area

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Growth yield is growth divided by ________.

A) respiration

B) food intake

C) metabolism

D) biomass

E) weight

B) food intake

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Upwelling regions usually have _______ trophic levels

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

B and C) 2-3

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Liebig’s law of minimum states that the growth of a plant is dependent on the amount of food stuff which is presented in _________.

A) maximum quantity

B) minimum quanitity

C) the presence of light

D) minimum quality

B) minimum quanitity

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Continental shelves occupy 11% of the ocean, but provide __% of the total ocean primary production.

A) 10-20

B) 20-30

C) 30-40

D) 40-50

E) <10

B) 20-30

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The process that results in the formation of inorganic compounds from organic compounds is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) remineralization B) decomposition C) regeneration D) inorganic fixation E) metabolism

A) remineralization

The biological oxidation of organic material to form water and CO2 is known as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) decomposition B) respiration C) photosynthesis D) fixation E) metabolism

B) respiration

The utilization of "waste" organic detritus and DOM by microbes provides the energy basis for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) classical food web B) sulfate reducers C) nitrogen fixers D) microbial loop E) zooplankton

D) microbial loop

Species that have their highest abundance in ectotones are called "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_"? A) herbivores B) tonal species C) ecomorphs D) edge species E) front species

D) Edge species

Estuaries in the US are relatively "new" systems and most have only existed for the past _______ years. A) 500 B) 1000 C) 2000 D) 6000 E) 60000

D) 6,000

The most common type of estuary along the west coast of the US is a(n) ______ estuary. A) coastal plain B) bar built C) fjord-type D) tectonically produced E) blind-type

D) tectonically produced

The sources of organic matter inputs into the deep sea is/are: A) primary production B) POM C) DOM D) food falls E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The time-averaged currents in an estuary are: A) mean currents B) tidal residuals C) spring tides D) non-tidal flows E) B and D

E) B and D

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ types of circulation may occur in varying degrees in all estuaries depending on the environmental conditions. A) gravitational B) tidal pumping C) wind-driven D) A and C E) A, B, and C

E) A, B and C

On the middle of the continental shelf, the major loss of nitrate is through\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) N fixation B) downwelling C) upwelling D) denitrification E) regeneration

D) denitrification

There are nearly _______ individual estuaries in the continental US. A) 200 B) 500 C) 750 D) 900 E) 1300

D) 900

The percentage of ocean surface primary production that reaches the deep sea benthos is about \_\_\_\_\_\_%. A) 0 - 0..5 B) 1-3 C) 5 - 10 D) 10 - 15

B) 1 - 3

Two tides and two low tides during a 24 hour period exemplifies a ______ tidal periodicity. A) semi-diurnal B) diurnal C) mixed D) solar day E) lunar day

A) semi-diurnal

Gravitational circulation is induced by ____ differences along the estuarine gradient. A) density B) salinity C) temp D) bathymetric E) evaporation

A) density

The tidal range in SC and GA estuaries ranges from: A) 0 - 1 B) 1 - 2 C) 2 - 3 D) 3 - 4

C) 2 to 3

The boundary area between two or more diverse communities or habitats is an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) buffer zone B) ecotone C) estuary D) isocline E) ecomorph

B) ecotone

For most estuaries, net water flow is _____ at the surface and _______ along the bottom. A) in, out B) out, in C) up, down D) down, up E) longitudinal, lateral

B) out, in

Estuaries filled entirely by river transported sediment are said to be: A) positive-filled B) negative-filled C) inverse-filled D) turbid estuaries E) reverse estuaries

A) positive filled

Spring tides have a periodicity of ______ solar days: A) 30.7 B) 28.4 C) 7.5 D) 14.8 E) 6

D) 14.8

Circulation is the residual water movement after _______ are averaged out. A) spring tides B) neap tides C) lunar cycle D) tidal effects E) riverine inputs

D) tidal effects

Estuarine plankton are able to maintain their position at a fixed point in the estuary by undergoing\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) osmoregulation B) horizontal migration C) attaching to the benthos D) vertical migration

D) vertical migration

The number of brackish water species in estuaries peaks around a salinity of\_\_\_\_\_. A) 0 - 5 B) 5 - 10 C) 10 - 15 D) 15 - 20 E) 20 - 25

D) 15 - 20

Estuaries that have more evaporation than precipitation are usually _______ estuaries. A) coastal plain B) neutral C) positive D) negative E) mid-latitude

D) negative

In estuaries, freshwater flow out at the surface and saltier water flwo along the bottom is known as _______ circulation. A) reverse B) inverse C) classical D) discharge E) storage

C) classical

The export of nutrients and organic carbon from estuaries to the coastal zone is known as the ________ hypothesis. A) upwelling B) inwelling C) downwelling D) exchange E) outwelling

E) outwelling

Rotary tidal currents are usually found\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) in estuaries B) along frontal zones C) in salt-wedge estuaries D) on the continental shelf

D) on the continental shelf

Most of the primary production on the continental shelf is primarily due to \_\_\_\_\_\_. A) regenerated N B) outwelling C) nitrogen fixation D) tidal exchange E) vertical mixing

A) regenerated N

A semi-diurnal tidal day has a period of _______ hours. A) 6 B) 12 C) 24 D) 24.8 E) 12.4

D) 24.8

The maximum tidal range occurs during the \_\_\_\_\_\_. A) solstice B) equinox C) low rainfall D) summer months E) winter months

B) equinox

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ describes a water mass that remains intact, but transported downstream. A) advection B) diffusion C) dispersive mixing D) turbulent mixing E) sloshing

A) advection

The scattering of water parcels or particles dissolved in an estuary, due to tidal sloshing, shear effects, eddy diffusion, or tidal trapping is a mixing process known as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) advection B) diffusion C) dispersive mixing D) turbulent mixing E) sloshing

C) dispersiv emixing

Shallow lagoon with large expanses of open water may experience _______ driven circulation. A) salinity B) temp C)vertically D) wind E) A and B

D) wind

\_\_\_\_\_\_ defined an estuary as a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which seawater is measurable diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage. A) Pritchar B) Day C) Fairbridge D) Kjerfve E) Odum

A) Pritchar

According to the Venice Classification System, mesohaline waters have a salinity range of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) 5 - 10 B) 10 - 20 C) 5 - 18 D) 30 - 40 E) 11 - 30

C) 5 - 18

Estuaries filled entirely by river-transported sediment are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) positive filled B) negative filled C) inverse filled D) turbid filled E) reverse estuaries

A) positive filled

Rotary tidal currents are usually found\_\_\_\_\_. A) in estuaries B) along frontal zone C) in salt-wedge estuaries D) on the continental shelf

D) on the continental shelf

A(n) _______ measures current velocities based on variations in conductivity. A) drogue B) velocimeter C) CODAR D) ADCP E) S4 Current Meter

E) S4 Current Meter

The time-averaged currents in an estuary are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) mean currents B) tidal residuals C) spring tides D) no-tidal flows E) B and D

E) B and D

Test 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)