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DIET 314 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

whole blood

A

common specimen type–collected via anti-coagulant—includes RBCs, WBCs, & platelets

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2
Q

serum

A

common specimen type–remaining fluid after blood has clotted & clots & platelets are removed by spinning

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3
Q

plasma

A

common specimen type–straw-colored blood component containing H2O, inorganic electrolytes, & clotting factors

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4
Q

blood cells

A

common specimen type–separated from anti-coagulated whole blood for analysis

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5
Q

erythrocytes

A

common specimen type–RBCs

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6
Q

leukocytes

A

common specimen type–WBCs

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7
Q

blood spot

A

common specimen type–dried whole blood from finger or heel prick—put on paper & tested for hormones & others (ex: infant PKU screening)

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8
Q

other tissues

A

common specimen type–from scrapings or biopsy samples

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9
Q

urine

A

common specimen type–concentrate of excreted metabolites

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10
Q

feces

A

common specimen type–detects presence of nut. not absorbed or used to determine gut flora composition

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11
Q

breath test

A

less common specimen type–evaluates met., use, & malabsorption of sugars

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12
Q

hair & nails

A

less common specimen type–identifies exposure to certain metals—if prob is evident here, it is severe

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13
Q

saliva

A

less common specimen type–evaluates functional adrenal stress & hormone levels

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14
Q

sweat

A

less common specimen type–detects sweat chloride levels to determine presence of cystic fibrosis

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15
Q

static assay

A

measures actual nut. level in specimen—gives most recent reading—limitation: influenced by decent dietary intake—ex: check Fe, folic acid, & Vit. B12 for anemia

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16
Q

functional assay

A

gives quantitative measure of biochem. or physiologic activity that depends on specific nut.—tests function —ex: serum ferritin (transportation prob?)

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17
Q

basic met. panel (BMP)

A

clinical chem. panel—8 tests for screening

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18
Q

comprehensive met. panel (CMP)

A

clinical chem. panel—8 BMP tests + 6 more tests—is most commonly ordered

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19
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

count of cells in blood & description of RBCs—tells what is in cells

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20
Q

urinalysis

A

screening test or diagnostic tool—detects substances (glucose, protein, albumin, & ketones) or cellular material in urine associated w/ dif. met. & kidney disorders

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21
Q

albumin

A

hepatic transport protein—transports major blood constituents, hormones, enzymes, meds, min., ions, FAs, AAs, & metabolites—maintains colloidal osmotic pressure—↓ means edema—1/2 life is 18-21 days (does NOT reflect current protein intake)

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22
Q

pre-albumin (PAB)

A

hepatic transport protein—transports thyroid hormones—1/2 life is 2 days→used as indicator of protein status–↓ is related to: inflammation, protein-wasting disease of GI tract, & Zn def.

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23
Q

retinol-binding protein (RBP)

A

hepatic transport protein—shortest 1/2 life (12 hrs)—binds & transports retinol (Vit. A)

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24
Q

transferrin

A

hepatic transport protein—transports Fe to bone marrow to produce Hgb—1/2 life is 8 days

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25
(nut.) anemia
↓ in # RBCs / unit of blood volume OR ↓ in [Hbg] of blood to below needed level
26
microcytic anemia
"small cells"—Fe def.
27
macrocytic anemia
folate or Vit. B12 def—"large cells"
28
normocytic anemia
chronic & inflammatory diseases—*does NOT respond to Fe supp.
29
lab tests for Fe-def. anemia:
- Hct (packed cell volume) - Hbg, serum ferritin - effects of inflammation - serum Fe - total Fe-binding capacity (TIBC) (liver of any animal is great source of Fe)
30
megaloblastic anemia
folate def.
31
pernicious anemia
Vit. B12 def. (found in meat products only→vegans must inject)—activated by intrinsic factor (IF) in stomach—is absorbed in ↓er colon
32
hematocrit (Hct)
measure of % RBCs in total blood volume—is usually 3x ↑er than [Hgb]—affected by extremely ↑ WBC count & hydration status
33
hemoglobin (Hgb)
measure of total amt. Hgb in peripheral blood
34
ferritin
Storage protein that sequesters Fe normally gathered in liver, spleen, & marrow—synthesis ↑ w/ inflammation
35
serum Fe
amt. circulating Fe bound to transferrin—poor index of Fe status
36
total Fe-binding capacity (TIBC)
measure of all proteins available to bind mobile Fe--depends on # free binding sites on plasma transferrin (Fe-transport protein)
37
Schilling Test
detects defects in Vit. B12 absorption (is gold standard for measuring Vit. B12)
38
serum retinol
measures Vit. A status
39
plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3)
measures Vit. D status--Vit. D def. can lead to 2° malabsorption of Ca
40
Hgb A1C
does NOT reflect more recent ∆glucose levels--does NOT diagnose DM but reflects control of glucose
41
lipi indices of CV risk:
- ↑ LDL - ↑ triglycerides - ↑ apoprotein B - ↑ Hs-CRP - ↑ serum homocysteine
42
oxidation
break-down of cells b/c stress (is fought by anti-oxidants: Vit. A, Vit. C, Vit. E, & Se)--markers are ↓ed by carotenoids & smoking cessation
43
IBW (male)
IBW (male) = 106 lbs. for 5' + 6 lb./in. ± 10%
44
IBW (female)
IBW (female) = 100 lbs. for 5' + 5 lb./in. ± 10%
45
drug-nut. interaction
specific changes to pharmacokinetics of drug caused by nut.(s) or changes to kinetics of nut.(s) caused by drug
46
food-drug interaction
effects of med. on nut. status - altered response to med. (+ or -) - drug toxicity - altered nut. status
47
pharmacodynamics
study of biochem. & physiologic effects of drug
48
pharmacokinetics
study of time course of drug in body involving absorption, distribution, met., & excretion of drug
49
absorption
process of movement of drug form site of administration to bloodstream
50
distribution
drug leaves systemic circulation & travels to various regions of body
51
cytochrome P-450 enzyme system
facilitates drug met. & is + or - affected by food & dietary supp.--involved in liver detoxification
52
benefits of minimizing drug interactions:
- meds. achieve intended effects - pts. do not discontinue drugs - minimize need for add'l meds - avoid adverse side effects - preserve optimal nut. status - avoid accidents & injuries - minimize disease complications - ↓ cost of health care services - meet licensing agency requirements
53
risk factors for food-drug interactions:
- polypharmacy (concern: overdose, overworking liver & kidneys) - chronic disease - older pts. - malnut. - cancer & AIDS - GI tract alterations--ex: diarrhea - body composition (muscle works better w/ drugs than fat) - fetus, infant, pregnant woman
54
pharmacogenomics
genetically determined variations revealed only by effects of drugs--ex: green tea, soy, turmeric, broccoli
55
drug absorption process:
-bioavailability (drug fraction fully absorbed)
56
med. & enteral nut. interactions:
- physical incompatibility: - granulation - gel formation - separation - clogged feeding tubes - interruption of delivery - emulsion breakage w/ acidic syrups - drug bioavailability: - individual variability - may need 1-hr to 4-hr feeding-free interval
57
effect of grapefruit on met. enzymes:
inhibition of met. of Lipitor--interferes w/ Cyt. P-450 enzymes--also interferes w/ diabetic drugs & Ca-channel blockers
58
neoplastic
cancer drugs--worst mucosal damage is in mouth→nut. absorption ↓ed
59
effect of anti-psychotic drugs on met.
met. is ↑ed
60
5 tyramine foods to avoid when on MAOIs:
- aged cheeses - aged meats - soy sauce - teriyaki sauce - flava beans
61
effect of caffeine when on tranquilizers
anti-anxiety effects counteracted (nervous symptoms ↑ed--acts as stimulant--is inefficient)
62
alcohol-drug interactions: Antabuse
vomiting | drugs with similar effect: Flagyl, Cefobid, & Diabinese
63
excipient
inactive ingredient added to act as: - buffer - binder - filler - diluent - disintegrant - glidant - flavoring - dye - preservative - suspending agent - coating
64
MNT for food-drug interactions: prospective
all MNT offered when pt. first starts drug
65
MNT for food-drug interactions: retrospective
evaluation of symptoms to determine if med. probs. might be result of food-drug interactions
66
MNT for food-drug interactions: diet history
OTCs, alcohol, supp., & herbals
67
Ciprofloxacin
brand name: Cipro--anti-biotic
68
Lovastatin
brand name: Mevacor--anti-hyperlipidemic
69
Lithium
brand name: Eskalith--anti-depressant
70
Gemfibrozil
brand name: Lopid--anti-hyperlipidemic
71
Furosemide
brand name: Lasix--diuretic
72
Fluoxetine
brand name: Prozac--anti-depressant
73
Warfarin
brand name: Coumadin--anti-coagulant
74
Naproxen
brand name: Aleve--NSAID
75
Amitriptyline
brand name: Elavil--anti-depressant
76
Acetylsalicylic Acid
brand name: Aspirin--NSAID
77
Cefuroxime
brand name: Ceftin--anti-biotic
78
Atorvastatin
brand name: Lipitor--anti-hyperlipidemic
79
Olanzapine
brand name: Zyprexa--anti-psychotic
80
Propranolol
brand name: Inderal--β-blocker
81
Bile Acid Sequestrant Cholestyramine
brand name: Questran--anti-hyperlipidemic
82
Metronidazole
brand name: Flagyl--anti-biotic & anti-fungal
83
Alendronate
brand name: Fosamax--osteoporosis & Paget's Disease
84
Clozapine
brand name: Clorazil--anti-psychotic
85
Clarithromycin
brand name: Biaxin--antibiotic
86
Ibuprofen
brand name: Advil--NSAID
87
Phenytoin
brand name: Dilantin--anti-epileptic
88
Isoniazid
brand name: INH--anti-TB & anti-mycobacterium
89
Cimetidine
brand name: Tagamet--anti-ulcer, anti-GERD, & anti-secretory
90
excretion
process--drug / nut. or metabolites are removed from body primarily by kidneys
91
metabolism
process--drug / nut. is chemically changed by action of enzymes (usually in liver)
92
nut. kinetics
study of absorption, distribution, met., & excretion of nut.
93
chelation
rxn btwn. certain drugs & cations (+) Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, & Zn
94
prolonged use of anti-ulcer drugs may ↓ absorption of:
Vit. B12, thiamin, & Fe
95
anti-hyperlipidemic drugs adsorb:
Vit. A, Vit. D, Vit. E, & Vit. K (fat-soluble vit.)
96
anti-convulsants ↑ met. of:
folic acid, Vit. D, & Vit. K
97
anti-TB drugs inhibit conversion of ______ to active form
pyridoxine (Vit. B6)
98
loop diuretics ↑ excretion of:
Na, K, Cl, Mg, & Ca
99
↑ caffeine intake may ↑ adverse effects of:
theophylline (nervousness, tremors, & insomnia)
100
tyramine & dopamine in food enhance toxic effects of ______, which may cause ______
MAOIs | hypertensive crisis
101
Vit. K aids production of clotting factors in direct oppo. to:
Warfarin (Coumadin)
102
NSAIDs may cause ______ irritation, sometimes leading to sudden, serious bleeding
stomach
103
anti-neoplastic drugs cause ∆ taste→ ______
stomatitis, glossitis, esophagitis, & N / V
104
anti-cholinergic drugs (anti-psychotics, anti-depressants, & anti-histamines) slow peristalsis→ ______
constipation
105
anti-convulsant drugs require supp. for ______
folate, Vit. D, & Vit. K
106
cytotoxic effects of anti-neoplastics→ _______
stomatitis, glossitis, & esophagitis | ex: Cysplastin & Methotrexate
107
anti-biotics may result in ______
bitter taste in saliva, suppression on natural oral bacteria, & metallic taste in mouth (ex: penicillin)
108
tricyclic anti-depressants & most anti-psychotics→ ______
stimulate appetite & wt. gain | ex: Elavil & Clorazil
109
SSRI anti-depressants may result in _______
anorexia & wt. loss (is oppo. of anti-depressants) | ex: Prozac
110
tricyclic anti-depressants→
dry mouth, metallic taste, & sour taste | ex: Elavil
111
charting / documentation rules:
- black pen or typed - complete, clear, concise, objective, legible, & accurate - date, time, service, pt. name, & pt.'s hosp. # - correct spelling & grammar (complete sentences are optional) - *entries are consistent, non-contradictory, & chronological - sign all entries--include credentials - NO personal opinions or criticisms - document only at time of service (NEVER in advance) - identify late entries - do NOT use white out--draw line through & correct mistake or replace w/ new copy - initial corrections - note addendums, date, & initials for omissions
112
Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA)
passed in 1996--ensures privacy & security of personal info. in health care settings

DIET 314 (1 decks)

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