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Psychology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Different levels of awareness of yourself and the world surrounding you

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2
Q

What are the 7 experiences that make up the continuum of consciousness? What do they do?

A
  • controlled processes → requires focus and attention
  • automatic processes → out of habit, requires less focus and attentions
  • daydreaming → zoning out
  • altered states → psychoactive drugs, medication and hypnosis
  • sleep & dreams → most aware in dream state
  • the unconscious (Freud) → our psyche that holds unwanted thoughts and feelings
  • being unconscious → coma
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3
Q

What is the biological clock?

A

Internal timing devices set to have various physiological responses occur at certain times

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4
Q

What is an example of the biological clock?

A
  • Menstrual cycle
  • urine production (every few hours)
  • body temperature (average 37)
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5
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

They are bio clocks that ae set to 24 hour periods (approximately )

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6
Q

What is an example of a circadian rhythm?

A
  • wake-sleep cycle
  • body temperature
  • blood pressure
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7
Q

What is the difference between biological clock and a circadian rhythm?

A

Biological clocks are set for various physiological responses for different periods of time meaning the length of the clocks are different, ranging from an hour to a day while circadian rhythms are a biological clock that is there to regulate physiological responses within 24h

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8
Q

What is the length of the human wake-sleep circadian rhythm?

A

24 hours and 18 minutes

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9
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

One of the many cell groups that make up the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where in the brain id the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

It is located in the lower muddle of the brain

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11
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

It is a biological clock that regulates the number of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle.

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12
Q

How does light affect the wake-sleep cycle?

A

Because it receives direct input from the eyes, the suprachiasmatic cells are highly responsive to changes in light

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13
Q

What are some circadian problem experienced by shift workers and those who have jet lag?

A

If the circadian clocks are not properly reset, we may experience decreased cognitive performance, work-related and traffic accident and sleep disorders

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14
Q

What are some treatments for those who have jest lag or are shift workers?

A

Light therapy → uses a bright light to reset circadian clocks
Melatonin → hormone that is in the pineal gland but we can take melatonin pills now

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A
  • 20% of sleep
  • dreaming
  • muscle paralysis (neck down) so we can’t move like that we dont act out our dreams
  • heart rate increases
  • Blood pressure increases
  • respiration increases
  • important for psychological repair
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16
Q

What ae the characteristics of non-REM sleep (NREM)

A
  • 80% of sleep
  • Important for physical repair
  • muscle tone in all body (sleep walking happens in stage 4)
  • heart rate decreases
  • Blood pressure decreases
  • respiration decreases
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17
Q

Wear is REM rebound and its effects on memory?

A

When an individual spends an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep the previous night.
REM helps us store or encode information in our memory so when we dont get enough we havent had enough time to store it in the brain’s memory

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18
Q

What happens to the amplitude and frequency of brain waves as we go deeper into sleep?

A

As you get deeper into sleep the amplitude goes from low to high and the frequency goes from slow to faster then slow again.
REM sleep:
Low amplitude
High frequency

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of brain waves

A

Theta waves
Delta waves
Beta waves

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20
Q

Wha are the brain waves associated with each stage of sleep?

A

Alpha stage: alpha waves have low amplitude and high frequency
Stage 1: theta waves; low amplitude & low frequency
Stage 2: sleep spindles; high frequency
Stage 3 & 4: delta waves; very high amplitude and low frequency
REM: high frequency and low amplitude they are similar to beta waves

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21
Q

What are the characteristics associated with each stage of sleep?

A

Alpha stage: being relaxed, drowsy (before falling asleep)
Stage 1: transition from awake-sleep, gradually lose responsiveness, drifting thoughts & images
Stage 2: muscle tension, HR, respiration and Body temp decreases, it becomes harder to wake up
Stage 3 & 4: Hr, respiration, temperature and blood flow are reduced and it is marked by a secretion of growth hormone. REM: body is physiologically aroused but muscles are paralyzed. REM is associated with dreaming.

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22
Q

What is the roller coaster of sleep

A

Sleep is a series of recurring stages, similar to the up’s and downs of a roller-coaster ride.

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23
Q

How many REM periods do we have in a typical night sleep?

A

5

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24
Q

As sleep progresses what happens to the length of REM and NREM stages 3 &4?

A

NREM 3 &4 disappear towards the end of sleep
REM sleep increases from a few minutes early on to an hour or so later

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25
Q

When do nightmares occur?

A

REM

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26
Q

What are the changed across the life span in morning or evening preferences

A

Young people tend to prefer evenings
Midlife bring an equal balance of evening people and morning people
Later adulthood, most people shift to a morning preference

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27
Q

What are some cognitive differences between morning and evening people

A

Morning people were more alert in morning classes and performed better in the morning. Evening people who had morning classes had more attention issues and poorer performance they also are more irked in the day.

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28
Q

What are some behavioural differences between morning and evening people

A

Morning people are more conscientious introverts while evening people tend to be impulsive extroverts

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29
Q

How many hours do most Americans sleep

A

7-7.9 hours a night

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30
Q

What is the difference between adult sleep patterns, teens, seniors and children

A

Infants sleep 17 hours a day, children need about 10 hours, adolescents need 9 hours and adults sleep 7-8 hours and seniors 6.5 hours

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31
Q

What is the repair theory?

A

Activities during the say show key factors in our brain or body that are replenished o repaired by sleep. The repair theory says that sleep is primarily a restorative process
1. There is a secretion of growth hormone
2. There is increased production of immune cells to fight infections
3. During wakefulness there is a decline in the brains energy stores which is glycogen which are restored rusting sleep and needed for normal functions

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32
Q

What is the adaptive theory?

A

Sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators.

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33
Q

What is Freud’s theory of dream interpretation?

A

Psyche censor that turns disturbing impulses and thoughts into dream symbols. They manifest the surface meaning of dreams. There is a symbolic meaning behind dreams

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34
Q

What is the activation synthesis theory?

A

From brain scans we know the frontal lobe activity (cognitive control) decreases but limbic (emotional) and occipital (visual) activity increases

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35
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

On the body: can lead to serious health problems, it can compromise out immune system, increase production of stress hormones, elevates blood pressure and increased risk for heart issues
On the brain: increases activity of the emotional centres of the brain leading to irritability and ability to make rational or logical decisions decreases

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36
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

A pattern of depressive symptoms such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. Depressed feelings cycle with the seasons typically beginning in fall or winter and going away in spring when the days are longer and sunnier. Along with depression is lethargy, excessive sleepiness, overeating, weight gain and craving for carbohydrates.

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37
Q

Do Americans or Icelanders experience this disorder more frequently? What is a possible explanation for this difference?

A

Americans
The lower frequency of SAD in Icelanders is because of genetic and cultural differences such as learning how to deal with isolation ne living in harsh environments

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38
Q

What are some typical characteristics of dream?

A
  • motion such as running or walking
  • more likely to take place indoors tan outside
  • they are filled with visual sensations but rarely inclue sensations of taste, smell or pain
  • they seem biz are because we disregard physical laws by flying or falling without injury
  • they may be recurrent
  • they more frequently involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness because the amygdala i activated
  • they rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
  • rarely we control what we dream about
  • dreams usually have visual imagery and are in colour sighted people but people that ar blind from birth dreams are never visual only tactile
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39
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night. Insomnia is associated with a number of daytime complaints including fatigue, difficulty concentrating, memory and lack of well being

40
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness usually in the form of sleep attacks are accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss f muscle control which may be triggered by emotional changes.

41
Q

What is sleepwalking?

A

Usually occurs in stage 3 or 4 and consists of getting up and walking while sound asleep. Hey normally have poor coordination, are clumsy but can avoid objects, can engage in very limited conversation and have no memory of sleepwalking

42
Q

What is a night terror?

A

It occurs in stage 3 or 4, when frightening experiences that often start with a loud scream followed by a sudden waking in fear with rapid breathing and increased hear rate. They will not remember it happening. It only happens in children

43
Q

What is the definition of a psychoactive drug?

A

Drug that defects our nervous system and alters our state of consciousness

44
Q

What is tolerance

A

When a person needs more of the drug to experience the same effect. This even happens for prescription drugs.

45
Q

What is addiction?

A

An overwhelming desire and compulsive behaviour to get te drug. (Psychological part)

46
Q

What is physiological dependency?

A

The persons nervous system needs the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms

47
Q

What is withdrawal

A

Painful psychological and physical symptoms when a drug-dependent person stops taking it

48
Q

How do psychoactive drugs mimic the chape of neurotransmitters?

A

It blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter dopamine which means that it stays around longer and exits other neurons

49
Q

What is a depressant, what are its physical effects, withdrawal symptoms and an example?

A

Effects:
- Decreased mood (calmer)
- slow movement
- problems with memory, concentration and thinking
- decreased REM sleep
Withdrawal:
- anxiety
- Restlessness
- REM rebound
Example: alcohol, sleeping pills, anti-anxiety meds

50
Q

What is a stimulant, example, withdrawal and effect?

A

Effect:
- increased energy
- restlessness
- decreased sleep
- decreased appetite
Withdrawal:
- opposite effects
- depression and suicidality
Example: amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine

51
Q

What is a hallucinogen, its effects, withdrawal and example?

A

Effects:
- Sounds and Colors are more intense
- sense of time is altered
- emotions are more intense and can change quickly
- thinking is more poetic and philosophical
- can experience panic, delusion or hallucinations
Example:
- LSD
- weed
Withdrawal
- opposite effects

52
Q

What are designer drugs?

A

Manufactured drugs in illegal labs that resemble already existing illegal psychoactive drugs.

53
Q

What are the effects of ecstasy

A
  • increased sensation
  • euphoric rush
  • feelings of warmth and empathy
  • large amounts of dopamine and serotonin
    After:
  • serious depression which is biological
  • attention and memory problems
54
Q

What are some dangers of manufactured drugs?

A
  1. They could be manufactured incorrectly by putting other drugs in it
  2. They dont always do a good job which can lead to advanced Parkinson’s disease
55
Q

Why is it so hard for a cocaine dependent person to stop using?

A
  1. To avoid intense depression
  2. Coaching blocks reuptake of dopamine
  3. Over time dopamine receptors decrease leading to no sensée of reward and pleasure so people need the drug to feel something.
56
Q

What is Fetal alchohol syndrome? What are its causes and effects?

A

Results from a mother drinking heavily during pregnancy especially during the first 12 weeks.

Effects:
- neurological changed including fewer connections between brain structures
- psychological and behavioural problems like hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, deficits in learning and memory, poor social skills and judgment as well as alcohol and drug use. They also have a lower IQ

57
Q

What is fetal alcohol effect?

A

Moderate consumption, kids can have growth deficiency, cognitive impairment,fine motor problems

58
Q

What is Fetal alcohol effect? What are its causes and effects?

A

Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Effects:
- growth deficiencies
- cognitive impairment
- fine motor skill problems

59
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A reflex that is not learned, we re born responding to it. This bring about an Unconditioned response

60
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

A

It is an unlearned reflex in response to UCS.

61
Q

If an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a _____________ _______________ it becomes a ____________ _______________

A
  1. Neutral stimulus
  2. Conditioned stimulus
62
Q

once a _______ _________ becomes a _________ __________, it brings about the conditioned response

A

Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus

63
Q

Food → salivation

A

UCS → UCR

64
Q

Bell → food → salivation

A

NS → UCS → UCR

65
Q

Bell → salivation
(Less tha UCR)

A

CS → CR

66
Q

Loud balloon pop:
1. UCS → UCR

A
  1. Loud noise → startle reflex
67
Q

What is the learning definition?

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior tha results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses

68
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

a conditioned response to a similar conditioned stimulus (new learned stimulus)

69
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

No conditioned response to a similar conditioned stimulus

70
Q

What is extinction?

A

When a conditioned response is eliminated by presenting a conditioned response without a unconditioned stimulus.

71
Q

What is spontaneous Recovery?

A

Sometimes after extinction, the conditioned response returns but it goes away quickly

72
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Learning a new conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus. Ex; relaxation rather than nausea

73
Q

What is Iva Pavlov’s classic dog experiment

A

He would ring a bell every time the dog would get food which would cause the dog to salivate and after repeating this multiple times the dog starts salivating just at the sound of the bell because it has become associated

74
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

Behaviours followed by positive consequences are strengthened and behaviours followed by negative consequences are weakened

75
Q

What is the difference between classical conditioning ad operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behaviour and a consequence

76
Q

What is the definition of reinforcement

A

A consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chance that the behavior will occur again

77
Q

What is a punishment?

A

A consequence that occurs after a behaviour and decreases the chance that the behaviour will occur again

78
Q

What is a positive reinforcement

A

The presentation of a stimulus that increases that probability of that behaviour reoccurring

79
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

An unpleasant stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again

80
Q

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer

A

A primary reinforcer is a tumulus that is satisfying on its own without any learning, a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that is gained through experience and learning.

81
Q

What is a continuous renforcement and give an example.

A

At every occurrence of the operant response results in the delivery of the reinforcer.
Example:
- often used in the initial staged if operant conditioning because it results in rapid learning of some behaviour
- giving puppies treats when it sits

82
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

When responding is only responded to part of the time not every time
- more accessible for every day life
- only giving an older dog one treat every few times they do a trick

83
Q

What is an operant response?

A

A response that can be modified by its consequences and is meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured

84
Q

What is the Skinner box

A

Small enclosure that is automated to record an animals bar presses and delivers food pellets as a consequence

85
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

Treatment or therapy that changes or modifies problems or undesirable behaviours by using principles of learning based on operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social cognitive learning

86
Q

What is a target behavior and how is it shaped

A

It is getting the child for example to make eye contact following the command “look at me” and shaping is done through a procedure where an experimenter successively reinforces behaviours that lead up to the desired behaviour

87
Q

What are the problems wit the use of punishment

A

In the short term it suppresses the behaviour but in the long run the punishment does not teach new behaviour instead it models agressive behaviour

88
Q

What is generalization?

A

Having the same response to a similar stimuli

89
Q

What is stimulus discrimination (operant)

A

A cue sign/signal behaviour will be reinforced

90
Q

What is extinction?

A

Decreasing operant response when no longer reinforced

91
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Temporary increase in response during extinction

92
Q

What is the learning-performance distinction

A

Learning may occur but may not always be measured by, or immediately evident in performance

93
Q

What is insight learning

A

A mental process marked by the sudden and unexpected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “aha”

94
Q

What is imprinting

A

Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment

95
Q

What is the sensitive period

A

The relatively brief time during which learning is most likely to occur

96
Q

What is prepared learning

A

Biological tendency of animals to recognize, attend to and store certain cues over others as well as associating combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others

Psychology (2 decks)

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