Test 2 Flashcards

Question

~Expansive Strategies~ Evocative utterances=

Answer 1

Evocative utterances – child names & factors in adult feedback -The child is testing if they know the meaning as they name entities. -The child states a word and waits for a response -There is a positive relationship between the amount of verbal input from adults at 20 months and vocabulary size and average utterance length of the child at 24 months.

Answer 2

Hypothesis-testing utterances and interrogative utterances are direct – child seeks feedback from adult for confirmation -Hypothesis-testing – child uses rising intonation to see if what they thought was correct. -When seeking confirmation of a word meaning, the child may say a word or word combination with rising intonation; an adult either confirms or denies the child’s hypothesis. -Interrogative utterance -If unaware of a label a child will utter “what?”,“that?” or “wassat?” and wait for confirmation -When unaware of an entity label, a child uses an interrogative utterance At 24 months there is a positive correlation between the number of interrogative utterances used by children and their vocabulary size.

Answer 3

Selective imitation is used in the acquisition of words, morphology, and syntactic-semantic structures. -toddlers imitate ~ 20% -important for vocabulary growth -self-imitation important for transition from single-word to multiword language -decreases after age 2. -child must understand utterance’s meaning to imitate -Focus operations - until about age 3, consist focusing on one or more words and repeating them -Substitution operation - child repeats only a portion of the utterance but replaces words -As children become more proficient with a structure in spontaneous speech, their imitation of it decrease

Answer 4

Formulas: -verbal routine or segment of language used in everyday conversation -initially used as memorized unit segmentation – analysis of those formulas into its parts coincides with vocabulary spurt at 20 months -aids language development

Answer 5

Bootstrapping – using what you know to learn something you don’t yet know semantic bootstrapping – analyzing syntactic structure based on semantic information syntactic bootstrapping – using sentence structure to determine word meaning Questions -yes/no learned 1st

Answer 6

Avoid exceptions -rules are used before exceptions -order of learning: no past tense --> regular past tense --> generalize to regular past tense (overextension) --> irregular past tense Grammatical markers should make semantic sense -words are substituted within the same class -e.g., error with particular preposition will result in use of another preposition NOT an article

Answer 7

12 months: nonverbal adult behavior influence an infant’s vocabulary -Maternal verbal behavior is important for a child’s vocabulary growth from 13-17 months -especially feedback and supportive directions -Intrusive verbal directions by the mother negatively influence vocabulary growth. -In conversational context, parents facilitate acquisition by engaging in -modeling -cueing -Prompting -Especially useful with children with language disorders -responding

Answer 8

 Grammatical structures modeled most frequently are most used by child  Compared to adult-to-adult speech, child directed speech (CDS) exhibits a) greater pitch range b) lexical simplification (diminutive and syllable reduplication) c) shorter, less complex utterances d) more paraphrasing and repetition e) limited, concrete vocabulary and a restricted set of semantic relations f) more contextual support g) more directives and questions

Answer 9

 The decrease in a mother’s mean length of utterance MLU, beginning months prior to her child’s first words, is positively related to better receptive language skills by her child at 18 months of age.  At age 2, the amount of shared attention and maternal gestures and relevant comments are positively correlated with a child’s verbal learning a year later.

Answer 10

Fathers’ -Provide even more examples of simplified speech -Fewer common words -They are less successful at communicating with toddlers as they have more communicative breakdowns than mothers -Other children (as young as 4) make language and speech modifications when addressing younger language-learning children. -There are clear language-learning advantages for children attending preschool when the curriculum emphasizes language and literacy.

Answer 11

-Expansion is a more mature version of a child’s utterance with word order preserved -Children typically perceive expansions as a cue to imitate. -Extension is a comment or reply to a child’s utterance -child says “Doggy eat,” and the partner replies,“Doggie is hungry.” -Conversational manner provides positive feedback

Answer 12

-A response to the previous utterance that requires a response in return -These resemble a conversational dialogue -Adult questions help a preschooler develop adult-like questions -Responses should be grammatically correct – they are a model -if something is not understood a request for clarification should be made -Younger children (2-3 yrs) use frequent yes/no questions -3-5 1⁄2 simple questions work best