test #2 Flashcards

Question

name: skeletal indicators of poor health

Answer 1

- increased evidence for nutritional deficiencies - cavities ⤷ bc increased sugars in agri. food - decreased stature

Answer 2

- iron deficiency anemia - rarer in hunter-gatherer - more common in agricultural soc. - small holes (pitting) in bones (eye socket, skull)

Answer 3

- comfort foods - food preferences - food aversions - expression through food (many diff. meanings based on person) - social contexts

Answer 4

- dairy = important in health and nutrition - consume milk based on lactase persistence - degrees of lactase persistence across multiple pop. ⤷ bc diff diets + envrt. factors - shows implications for health - soc. associations

Answer 5

- hunter-gatherers - nomadic - diverse diet - egalitarian ⤷ hoarding food is discouraged - richard less studied their practices - story of the ox ⤷ showed transition from hunter-gatherer to domestication ⤷ has soc. meaning in rituals and offerings - tried to bring an ox ⤷ showed superiority (not good) ⤷ learned humility

Answer 6

- showed increase in literacy and printing tech - evolved to become more multicultural ⤷ originally very little variation - increasing need for easier food prep ⤷ showed changes in gender ideals (women moved into workforce) - rise of "gourmet" food ⤷ capitalistic ⤷ shows education and clout - reflects changing perceptions in nutrition

Answer 7

- garbology project in arizona - ppl may omit info about diet to change perception ⤷ but garbage doesn't lie - shows distinction between ideals versus reality

Answer 8

- cultural classification - uses food to reinforce binary - helps understand health concerns - implications for food marketing

Answer 9

- preferences: likes/dislikes - restrictions: periodic denial and foods ⤷ ex. pregnancy - taboo: deliberate avoidance - still edible but maybe not acceptable

Answer 10

- marker of a group ⤷ identity ⤷ separating from group of others - protection against disease ⤷ ex. meats - ecological theory (marvin harris) ⤷ envrt. conditions

Answer 11

- india and cows - cultural beliefs may have had practical origins ⤷ became perpetuated notions ⤷ gets ingrained in soc.

Answer 12

- symbolic perspective ⤷ for ancient hebrews, pigs = unclean - adaptive/materialistic perspective ⤷ envrt. of middle east made raising pigs hard

Answer 13

- wild animals hunted for consumption - often in tropical rainforests - often prohibited bc converns or zoonoses

Answer 14

- study human remains using archeological and bio. techniques - studying remains relevant to criminal cases - locate and collect remains - build biological profile of indiv. - time of death and cause of death - tracy rogers = forensic anthropologist

Answer 15

- autolysis: degeneration of body tissues by digestive fliuds ⤷ nat. - putrefaction: bac. reproduce and consume tissues

Answer 16

- temperature ⤷ colder = slower - humidity ⤷ dry = slow - access by insects - burial + depth of burial

Answer 17

- controlled exp. to model envrt. conditions - started by william bass - used to observe decomp. rates in diff. envrt.

Answer 18

- soil type ⤷ speed to slow down decomp. - aridity - body treatment ⤷ ex. embalment to preserve

Answer 19

how human remains can be altered after death - disarticulation ⤷ ex. dismembering - dispersal (where remains are spread) - mechanical alteration ⤷ ex. break patterns (in bones)

Answer 20

medicolegal significance (criminal parts) 1. is it bone 2. is it human ⤷ animal remains not in forensic anthro. ⤷ compare size, shape, and morphology 3. is it modern ⤷ old = archeological ⤷ us contectual and taphonomic clues biological profile 4. what bones ⤷ skeletal and teeth inventory forms 5. how many individuals are present ⤷ establish minimum number of indiv. (ex. femur left vs right) 6. what is the sex ⤷ marginalizes intersex and trans. ppl ⤷ compare pelvis ⤷ sexual dimorphism (skulls) 7. how old were they ⤷ use growth charts ⤷ epiphyseal fusion: joints fuse at diff. times 8. what is their stature ⤷ height formulas 9. are there unique charac. ⤷ healed or broken bones ⤷ body mods, perimortem trauma circumstances around death 10. cause of death ⤷ race and ancestry not considered bc not always accurate

Answer 21

- study of disease and injury in human skeleton - reconstructive ⤷ uses clues to understand - ex. rickets ⤷ vitamin D deficiency ⤷ bowing bones

Answer 22

- subfield of cult. anthro. - study health, disease, illness, sickness - adopt biocultural approach - ethnomedicine: cross cult. study of health systems - social determinants of disease

Answer 23

- argues medical doctors ignore/misunderstand the role of culture in shaping illness - believes depression in Western cult. is a symptom of an illness - western depression patients express: emotional, sad - chinese depression patients express: physical symptoms - knowing cult. diff. impacts ability to make diagnoses - diff. may stem from cult. stigmas

Answer 24

- 3 bodies - indivi. body: experience embodied self - soc. body: figurative, real connection between cult. and health - body politic: how political and soc. forces exert control over bodies - important to help anthropologists see health/illness beyond material body

Answer 25

- western biomedicine ⤷ body = mechanical and separate from mind ⤷ treat with intervention - traditional chinese medicine ⤷ body made of opposing forces in dynamic equilibrium ⤷ illness = dishoarmy ⤷ treat with restoration of balance - other non-western transitions ⤷ body is inseparable from spirit worlds ⤷ tret with resolving conflict

Answer 26

- in biomedicine: absence of disease - WHO definition: state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being - but it actually dep. on cult. context ⤷ no universal def.

Answer 27

- injury or error that impairs func. of biological systems - universal - physical, infection, malnutrition, genetic, psychological

Answer 28

- subject experience of the symptoms and suffering - can differ over time, space, and cultures - motivates changes in behaviour to alleviate discomfort

Answer 29

- performative social role - the socially recognized expectations for "sick" ⤷ ex. doctors note - may be stigmatized or dismissed - healers/authorities may be called on to legitimize sickness - diff. practices, vary cross cult. ⤷ ex. mental health days

Answer 30

- humours = blood, bile, mucous - illness caused by imbalance in humours - not western biomedical ⤷ bc not body = machine - formed the basis for diagnosing temperaments - sick ppl exhibited excessive heat and moisture ⤷ blood-letting restored balance

Answer 31

- important for latin-american folk medicine - emphasis on body in balance - treatments: foods/medicines designated to be in the opposition to the individual's illness

Answer 32

- western model of health - body = machine ⤷ mechanical and chemical processes - disease caused by damage to tissue by malfunction of physiological function - biomedical healer = trained through formal programs ⤷ med school - strives for objective understandings of disease through science - treatment = intervention in body - emphasizes indiv. body

Answer 33

- can't recognize illness without clear biological cause ⤷ ex. placebos ⤷ no mechanical cause = less weight in western biomed. - explicitly normative ⤷ struggles to use holistic perspectives - not equipped to treat context ⤷ envrt. ⤷ poverty ⤷ econ. insecurity ⤷ racism (not considered medical in western biomed.)

Answer 34

- hmong child w/ epilepsy - parents thought she had a spirit - developed septic shock and went brain dead - placed in foster care ⤷ bc parents POV disagreed w/ med. models - got the care she needed and lasted on life support longer than western thought she would

Answer 35

- culture-bound/folk illnesses - challenges idea that disease = universal ⤷ culturally situated - restricted to a specific society ⤷ related to cultural factors - present in some cult. and less/not diagnosed in other cult. contexts

Answer 36

- western culture bound syndrome - related to focus on dieting and thing bodies = healty - reinforced by media - tied to individualism

Answer 37

- culture bound syndrome ⤷ chinese and south-east asian cultures - believe that external genitalia are shrinking and eventually disappear

Answer 38

- biomedical: doctors, nurses, midewifes - complementary/alt med.: chiropractors, naturopaths ⤷ ppl might have less faith in them - traditional healers: dep. on culture

Answer 39

- indigenous form of healing ⤷ evol. to accommodate western influences (biomed and not biomed) - ex. of medical pluralism ⤷ combining healing systems ⤷ christian and tradition dine systems combined

Answer 40

- ayurvadic model of body centers on balance of 5 elements - practitioners in india incorporate biomed concepts into practice - ex. depression in biomed is classified differently in ayurvedic - shows evol. of healing sys.

Answer 41

- epidemiology: study of disease in human pop. - epidemic: cases of illness in community (not disease so it can be soc.) - pandemic: epidemic happening worldwide

Answer 42

- soc. conditions that shape exposure to illness - soc. econ. factors - envrt. - cult. factors

Answer 43

- transmission from direct contact w. bodily fluids - high mortality - had nat., built. soc., envrt. impacts on diease outbreak - ex. poverty -> poor housing and unhygenic envrt. -> enhances transmission

Answer 44

- ini. outbreak of disease previously unknown to an area - impact of colonialism - factors: ⤷ no prior immunity ⤷ high transmissibility ⤷ repeated contacts - critiques: ⤷ theory was popularized by jared diamond's book ⤷ some diseases still existed before colonialism (but colonizers help ↑) ⤷ doesn't consider social determinants of health ⤷ presents indigenous ppl as agency-less and disease and bio (but they did have agency + resilience)

Answer 45

- circulatory: cessation of circulation and breathing ⤷ no blood flow ⤷ tissue die - harvard criteria (case study) ⤷ no reflexes ⤷ flat eeg (no electrical signal in brain) ⤷ no circulation in brain ⤷ unresponsive + no mvt. - brain: cessation of brain activity and func. ⤷ need machine to circulate blood

Answer 46

- led to death being steriolized - mass graves - no more death rights ⤷ no headstones or burials - dirty streets + lack of basic hygiene

Answer 47

- perceptions of death influence attitude towards organ transplant - xenotransplantation: animal organs into humans ⤷ ethics - rights of the dead ⤷ corpses get proxy consent ⤷ corpses feel no pain but still brings up ethics

Answer 48

- lower rates of org. donation in japan - bc associate life w/ heart and circulatory ⤷ brain dead isn't dead - so brain dead patients aren't candidates for organ donation

Answer 49

- power dynamics dictate who can live, die, or be commemorated - based on soc. struc.

Answer 50

- long mourning periods - ppl still find grief uncomfortable - ppl still honour dead by saying their name ⤷ keeps them "alive" (legacy) - expected to eventually move on ⤷ can't grieve for too long

Answer 51

- kill = cause the death of a living thing - sacrifice = slaughtering a living thing or surrendering a possession as an offering to a deity - put down = kill an animal to prevent it from suffering ⤷ not usually used for humans

Answer 52

- death often = unclean - rituals transition deceased to afterlife - reintegrate survivors back into community - symbolic practice

Answer 53

- preserving the body - death = sterilized so ppl see less corpses ⤷ feel the need to embalm to make them pretty

Answer 54

- ways of burial - embalm = chemicals (released into envrt.), green burial = human compost - sky burials in tibet = vultures - cremation = less harmful to envrt.

Answer 55

- primary = initial burial - secondary = moving the remains - bundle: all bones gatehred after decomp. + moved ⤷ ossuary: bundle for multiple ppl

Answer 56

- ritual (several days) - reburial in a collective ossuary burial - allows reinforcement of soc. ties + souls to be released and travel west

Answer 57

- ways to talk to deceased loved ones - words = carried by the wind - ex. in japan after earthquake

Answer 58

- death isn't a singular event - deceased = sick/asleep ⤷ keep living in house + cared/interacted with - funeral service after a few months marks transition to afterlife

Answer 59

- items left in a burial - intended for use in afterlife or as offerings - can reflect soc. status - can show identity of person ⤷ or how living wants indiv. to be percieved

Answer 60

- iraq - nean. burials - 4 nean. males - pollen found under remains ⤷ suggests flowers were accidentally placed there by animals (not necessarily grave goods)

Answer 61

- on periphery of NY - identities of ppl aren't known ⤷ ppl were in the periphery too

Answer 62

- study of disease and trauma in the past - informs about life and historic pathways - bio, chem, epidemiology, history`

Answer 63

1. demographic nonstationary: pop. change and affect death distributions ⤷ can't be observed bc part of the living 2. hidden heterogeneity: not everyone is at same risk of getting disease ⤷ age, sex ⤷ severity of sickness changes 3. selective mortality: everyone is dead so we don't have the whole story ⤷ disease takes long time to leave effect on body (bones) ⤷ lesions = ppl lived long enough w/ disease

Answer 64

- osteoblastic/proliferative lesions = new bone - osteolytic/lytic lesions = destroy/resorb existing bone - look at evi. of healing, location, number, context, etc. - lesions being specific to a condition are rare

Answer 65

- rib lesions and lytic spinal lesions - possible potts deformity

Answer 66

- affects extremities and middle of the face - destroy palate and nasal cartilage - loss of fingers and toes - penciling of fingers and toes ⤷ bones get skinny and pointy - many laws against ppl w/ leprosy (heavy stigma)

Answer 67

- vitamin C deficiency ⤷ shows lack of fresh food + resources - lesions more likely to affect kids - patterns of lesions can be very non-specific

Answer 68

- oral passing down - western models = scientific reconstruction ⤷ invasive - prefer in situ burials (original place) ⤷ no digging them back up - respects values of ancestors, practices, ceremony, and moral integrity

Answer 69

- cultural resource management - decides which sites are cultural valuable ⤷ and chooses which places can receive the collections - issue bc need the collections to go back to indigenous communities ⤷ colonization made many ppl not know who they are

Answer 70

- khoi khoi woman died in 1800s - body wasn't repatriated until 2002 - ex. of dead as an object - khoi khoi were objectified by colonizers - brought to be paraded around like a circus side show

Answer 71

- north american graves and repatriation act - challenges western notions of ownership and dead as objects of study - still critiqued over lineage requirements - ex. kennewick man ⤷ unknown descendants ⤷ nearest geographic group may have have changed so much by now ⤷ might have no ties at all ⤷ makes it hard to know where to return the remains

Answer 72

- intentional consumption fo earth

Answer 73

- pioneer of participant-observation work - lived in Samoa ⤷ did interviews for insight into sexuality + coming of age - Samoan adolescent girls = promiscuous ⤷ characterized Samoan soc. = more seucal freedom (coming from America, where sexuality = frowned upon) - participant-observation (interlocutors) - cross-cultural research ⤷ showed varied gender expectations around the world - people not born knowing gender

Answer 74

- ppl assigned male + self-identify as "feminine" (viado) - use fem. pronouns + prefer hetero. partners - body mods. - do not consider themselves male or fem. ⤷ still assume fem. role in relationship - sexual identity = role specific ⤷ penetrating vs being penetrated - book by don kulick

Answer 75

- phillip bourgois: cultural anthro. ⤷ crack + puerto ricans in east harlem - christine schreyer: linguistic anthro. ⤷ conlangs - rudy reimer: archeological anthro. ⤷ obsidian + yumks - sharon dewitte: biological anthro. ⤷ recreating plague envrt.

Answer 76

- hap.: ⤷ dry nose, cont. upper lip, orbital cup ⤷ split into cat. and platy. - strep.: ⤷ wet nose, cleft lip orbital bar, tooth comb

Answer 77

- platy.: ⤷ new world ⤷ flat noses ⤷ prehensile tail ⤷ 2. 1. 3. 3 ⤷ arboreal - cat.: ⤷ old world ⤷ downwards nostrils ⤷ 2. 1. 2. 3 ⤷ terrestrial and/or arboreal