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anthrop 1aa3 > test #2 > Flashcards

test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

question: subsistence system vs diet?

A
  • subsistence sys. = practices pop. uses to acquire food
  • diet = food eaten
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2
Q

explain: stable isotope analysis (carbon and nitrogen)

A
  • done on human remains
  • carbon shows plant diet
    ⤷ c3: rice, wheat, barley
    ⤷ c4: corn, millet, sugar cane (more agricultural)
  • nitrogen shows meat vs plant consumption
    ⤷ meat + omnivores: higher n15:n14 ratio than vege.
    ⤷ marine carnivores: higher n15:n14 ration than terrestrial
    ⤷ more trophic lvls -> N increases
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3
Q

name + define: categories of subsistence systems

A
  1. hunter-gatherer/hunter-fisher-gatherer
    - dep. mainly on var. of non-domesticated food
    - 2 types: foragers and collectors
  2. food producers
    - dep. on 1+ domesticated food
    - 3 types: horticulturalists, agriculturalists, pastoralists
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4
Q

name + define: types of hunter-gatherers

A
  1. foragers
    - move ppl as needed
    - change base camp regularly
    - short day trips
    - eats food in a few days
    - good for harsh climates and small groups
  2. collectors
    - move food to the ppl
    - long-term settlements
    - longer trips
    - store surpluses
    - good for larger groups
    ⤷ if food source = large bc predictable
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5
Q

name + define: types of food producers

A
  • horticulturalists: “garden”, many sp. in plots
  • agriculturalists: cultivate small # of sp. in fields (large quantities)
  • pastoralists: herding animals (milk, meat, etc.)
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6
Q

explain (case study): mariculture

A
  • northwest coast
  • clam gardens
  • modified coast line to for large tidal pools to raise bivalves
  • formally agri. society
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7
Q

define: domestication (w/ selection)

A
  • plants + animals become dep. on human intervention to survive
  • noticeable changes in morpho.
    ⤷ to improve food yield
  • selection: change in freq. of traits in pop. as a result of changes to fitness
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8
Q

explain (case study): wild vs domestic rachis

A
  • stems of plants
  • altered seed dispersal
    ⤷ to keep seeds for longer
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9
Q

question: macroremains vs microremains?

A
  • macro: preserved plant components viewable w/ naked eye
  • micro: smaller parts of plats viewable w/ microscope
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10
Q

name: feat. of sp. likely to get domesticated

A
  • short generation time
    ⤷ prod. lots of babies
  • genetically plastic
    ⤷ easier to sel. for
  • tolerate human envrt. (ex. gates)
  • socially amenable to humans (for animals)
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11
Q

explain: domestication and mutualism (how is it coevolution?)

A
  • beneficial to both species
  • humans get food, sp. gets to thrive and outcompete others
  • may be formed through experimentation
    ⤷ lucky results
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12
Q

name + explain: upper paleolithic society

A
  • foragers (hunter-gatherer)
  • expanded to australia and the americas
  • nomadic
    ⤷ groups limited to 75 ppl
  • no long term permanent vilalges
  • mostly egalitarian
    ⤷ no status ranks
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13
Q

name + explain: mesolithic society

A
  • extinction of large-game sp.
    ⤷ changed flora and fauna
  • shifted to broad spectrum collecting
    ⤷ less foraging
  • less nomad
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14
Q

question: where did agriculture and domestication originate?

A
  • everywhere
  • no one single origin
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15
Q

name: sites of domestication

A
  1. fertile crescent
    - middle east area
    - domesticated wheat and barley
  2. mesoamerica
    - domesticated maize, beans, and squash
  3. highland/coastal andes
    - domesticated llamas, alpacas, guinea pig, potato, and quinoa
  4. china (yangtze river)
    - domesticated rice and millet
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16
Q

explain (case study): wild vs domestic corn

A
  • wild = teosinte
    ⤷ sel. for larger seeds led to maize
  • domesticated = maize
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17
Q

explain: neolithic package

A
  • characteristics though to accompany the shift to agriculture
  • domesticates
    ⤷ varies based on availability
  • pottery
    ⤷ storage and cooking
    ⤷ more beneficial for sedentary
  • ground stone tools
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18
Q

explain (case study): natufians

A
  • neolithic
  • used storage bins
    ⤷ shows surplus
  • had grinding equipment
    ⤷ shows ground stone tools
  • had elaborate burial packages
  • more sedentary long term struc.
  • early natufians had large villages
    ⤷ warmer temp. = more agriculture
  • late natufians had lower temps.
    ⤷ small villages
    ⤷ pop. decreased, showing signs of stress
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19
Q

explain (case study): catalhoyuk, gobekli tepe, jericho

A
  • neolithic led to more complexity
  • catalhoyuk: very large, dense, planned settlements (in turkey)
  • gobekli tepe: more complex ceremonial life
    ⤷ ritual only space
    ⤷ built up and elaborated ovre time
    ⤷ shows extensive organization
  • jericho: elaborate mortuary practices
    ⤷ plaster heads
    ⤷ may represent emergence of inequality
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20
Q

explain: oasis hypo. (why was agri. adopted)

A
  • agriculture = response to climate shifts
  • gordon childe
  • climate change in fertile crescent
  • refuted by robert braidwood-jarmo
    ⤷ says envrt. wasn’t as swift as agri.
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21
Q

explain: population hypo. (why was agri. adopted)

A
  • shift in strat. to support large pop.
  • mark cohen: hunter-gatherer pop. saturation around 10000 ppl
  • marvin harris: increase humans -> decreased big game animals
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22
Q

explain: stability and feasting (why was agri. adopted)

A
  • shift from K to R sp. to encourage more stable food supply
    ⤷ ∴ can feast
  • bryan hayden
  • K: live long, few young, susceptible to over-exploitation
  • R: reproduce easily, resist overexploitation, easily reestablish themselves
  • R supports more sedentism which stabilizes food supply
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23
Q

explain: how nutritional factor declines with agriculture

A
  • dependence on 1 main crop and potential crop failure -> feast or famine
  • changes texture and quality of food
  • uneven food distribution
    ⤷ soc. class and status
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24
Q

explain: health effects of agriculture

A
  • zoonoses: infectious diseases from animals
  • sedentism: garbage and human waste accumulation (can cause disease)
  • herd diseases: favours high population density
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25
Q

name: skeletal indicators of poor health

A
  • increased evidence for nutritional deficiencies
  • cavities
    ⤷ bc increased sugars in agri. food
  • decreased stature
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26
Q

explain: cribra orbitalia

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • rarer in hunter-gatherer
  • more common in agricultural soc.
  • small holes (pitting) in bones (eye socket, skull)
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27
Q

question: how can food be cultural/social

A
  • comfort foods
  • food preferences
  • food aversions
  • expression through food (many diff. meanings based on person)
  • social contexts
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28
Q

explain (case study): milk in US

A
  • dairy = important in health and nutrition
  • consume milk based on lactase persistence
  • degrees of lactase persistence across multiple pop.
    ⤷ bc diff diets + envrt. factors
  • shows implications for health
  • soc. associations
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29
Q

explain (case study): ju/’hoansi

A
  • hunter-gatherers
  • nomadic
  • diverse diet
  • egalitarian
    ⤷ hoarding food is discouraged
  • richard less studied their practices
  • story of the ox
    ⤷ showed transition from hunter-gatherer to domestication
    ⤷ has soc. meaning in rituals and offerings
  • tried to bring an ox
    ⤷ showed superiority (not good)
    ⤷ learned humility
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30
Q

explain (key person): natalie cooke + cookbooks

A
  • showed increase in literacy and printing tech
  • evolved to become more multicultural
    ⤷ originally very little variation
  • increasing need for easier food prep
    ⤷ showed changes in gender ideals (women moved into workforce)
  • rise of “gourmet” food
    ⤷ capitalistic
    ⤷ shows education and clout
  • reflects changing perceptions in nutrition
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31
Q

explain (key person): william rathje

A
  • garbology project in arizona
  • ppl may omit info about diet to change perception
    ⤷ but garbage doesn’t lie
  • shows distinction between ideals versus reality
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32
Q

explain: male vs female foods

A
  • cultural classification
  • uses food to reinforce binary
  • helps understand health concerns
  • implications for food marketing
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33
Q

question: difference between food preferences, restrictions, taboos?

A
  • preferences: likes/dislikes
  • restrictions: periodic denial and foods
    ⤷ ex. pregnancy
  • taboo: deliberate avoidance
  • still edible but maybe not acceptable
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34
Q

name: explanations for food taboos

A
  • marker of a group
    ⤷ identity
    ⤷ separating from group of others
  • protection against disease
    ⤷ ex. meats
  • ecological theory (marvin harris)
    ⤷ envrt. conditions
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35
Q

explain (key person): marvin harris

A
  • india and cows
  • cultural beliefs may have had practical origins
    ⤷ became perpetuated notions
    ⤷ gets ingrained in soc.
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36
Q

explain: pork prohibitions

A
  • symbolic perspective
    ⤷ for ancient hebrews, pigs = unclean
  • adaptive/materialistic perspective
    ⤷ envrt. of middle east made raising pigs hard
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37
Q

explain: bush meat

A
  • wild animals hunted for consumption
  • often in tropical rainforests
  • often prohibited bc converns or zoonoses
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38
Q

question: what does a forensic anthropologist do? + (key person) tracy rogers

A
  • study human remains using archeological and bio. techniques
  • studying remains relevant to criminal cases
  • locate and collect remains
  • build biological profile of indiv.
  • time of death and cause of death
  • tracy rogers = forensic anthropologist
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39
Q

name + define: processes of decomposition

A
  • autolysis: degeneration of body tissues by digestive fliuds
    ⤷ nat.
  • putrefaction: bac. reproduce and consume tissues
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40
Q

name: factors affecting decomp. in order of importance

A
  • temperature
    ⤷ colder = slower
  • humidity
    ⤷ dry = slow
  • access by insects
  • burial + depth of burial
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41
Q

explain (case study + key person): william bass and body farms `

A
  • controlled exp. to model envrt. conditions
  • started by william bass
  • used to observe decomp. rates in diff. envrt.
42
Q

name: factors affecting preservation

A
  • soil type
    ⤷ speed to slow down decomp.
  • aridity
  • body treatment
    ⤷ ex. embalment to preserve
43
Q

define: taphonomic processes + factors

A

how human remains can be altered after death
- disarticulation
⤷ ex. dismembering
- dispersal (where remains are spread)
- mechanical alteration
⤷ ex. break patterns (in bones)

44
Q

name: 10 questions forensic anthropologists ask

A

medicolegal significance (criminal parts)
1. is it bone

  1. is it human
    ⤷ animal remains not in forensic anthro.
    ⤷ compare size, shape, and morphology
  2. is it modern
    ⤷ old = archeological
    ⤷ us contectual and taphonomic clues

biological profile
4. what bones
⤷ skeletal and teeth inventory forms

  1. how many individuals are present
    ⤷ establish minimum number of indiv. (ex. femur left vs right)
  2. what is the sex
    ⤷ marginalizes intersex and trans. ppl
    ⤷ compare pelvis
    ⤷ sexual dimorphism (skulls)
  3. how old were they
    ⤷ use growth charts
    ⤷ epiphyseal fusion: joints fuse at diff. times
  4. what is their stature
    ⤷ height formulas
  5. are there unique charac.
    ⤷ healed or broken bones
    ⤷ body mods, perimortem trauma

circumstances around death
10. cause of death
⤷ race and ancestry not considered bc not always accurate

45
Q

define: paleopathology

A
  • study of disease and injury in human skeleton
  • reconstructive
    ⤷ uses clues to understand
  • ex. rickets
    ⤷ vitamin D deficiency
    ⤷ bowing bones
46
Q

define: medical anthropology

A
  • subfield of cult. anthro.
  • study health, disease, illness, sickness
  • adopt biocultural approach
  • ethnomedicine: cross cult. study of health systems
  • social determinants of disease
47
Q

explain (key person): arthur kleinman

A
  • argues medical doctors ignore/misunderstand the role of culture in shaping illness
  • believes depression in Western cult. is a symptom of an illness
  • western depression patients express: emotional, sad
  • chinese depression patients express: physical symptoms
  • knowing cult. diff. impacts ability to make diagnoses
  • diff. may stem from cult. stigmas
48
Q

explain (key person): nancy scheper-hughes and margaret lock

A
  • 3 bodies
  • indivi. body: experience embodied self
  • soc. body: figurative, real connection between cult. and health
  • body politic: how political and soc. forces exert control over bodies
  • important to help anthropologists see health/illness beyond material body
49
Q

explain: ex. of diff. cultural beliefs in the social body

A
  • western biomedicine
    ⤷ body = mechanical and separate from mind
    ⤷ treat with intervention
  • traditional chinese medicine
    ⤷ body made of opposing forces in dynamic equilibrium
    ⤷ illness = dishoarmy
    ⤷ treat with restoration of balance
  • other non-western transitions
    ⤷ body is inseparable from spirit worlds
    ⤷ tret with resolving conflict
50
Q

define: health

A
  • in biomedicine: absence of disease
  • WHO definition: state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being
  • but it actually dep. on cult. context
    ⤷ no universal def.
51
Q

define: disease

A
  • injury or error that impairs func. of biological systems
  • universal
  • physical, infection, malnutrition, genetic, psychological
52
Q

define: illness

A
  • subject experience of the symptoms and suffering
  • can differ over time, space, and cultures
  • motivates changes in behaviour to alleviate discomfort
53
Q

define: sickness

A
  • performative social role
  • the socially recognized expectations for “sick”
    ⤷ ex. doctors note
  • may be stigmatized or dismissed
  • healers/authorities may be called on to legitimize sickness
  • diff. practices, vary cross cult.
    ⤷ ex. mental health days
54
Q

explain: humoral healing system

A
  • humours = blood, bile, mucous
  • illness caused by imbalance in humours
  • not western biomedical
    ⤷ bc not body = machine
  • formed the basis for diagnosing temperaments
  • sick ppl exhibited excessive heat and moisture
    ⤷ blood-letting restored balance
55
Q

explain: hot and cold theory of disease

A
  • important for latin-american folk medicine
  • emphasis on body in balance
  • treatments: foods/medicines designated to be in the opposition to the individual’s illness
56
Q

define + explain: biomedicine

A
  • western model of health
  • body = machine
    ⤷ mechanical and chemical processes
  • disease caused by damage to tissue by malfunction of physiological function
  • biomedical healer = trained through formal programs
    ⤷ med school
  • strives for objective understandings of disease through science
  • treatment = intervention in body
  • emphasizes indiv. body
57
Q

explain: critiques of biomedicine

A
  • can’t recognize illness without clear biological cause
    ⤷ ex. placebos
    ⤷ no mechanical cause = less weight in western biomed.
  • explicitly normative
    ⤷ struggles to use holistic perspectives
  • not equipped to treat context
    ⤷ envrt.
    ⤷ poverty
    ⤷ econ. insecurity
    ⤷ racism (not considered medical in western biomed.)
58
Q

explain (key person): lia lee

A
  • hmong child w/ epilepsy
  • parents thought she had a spirit
  • developed septic shock and went brain dead
  • placed in foster care
    ⤷ bc parents POV disagreed w/ med. models
  • got the care she needed and lasted on life support longer than western thought she would
59
Q

define + explain: culture specific syndromes

A
  • culture-bound/folk illnesses
  • challenges idea that disease = universal
    ⤷ culturally situated
  • restricted to a specific society
    ⤷ related to cultural factors
  • present in some cult. and less/not diagnosed in other cult. contexts
60
Q

explain (case study): anorexia nervosa

A
  • western culture bound syndrome
  • related to focus on dieting and thing bodies = healty
  • reinforced by media
  • tied to individualism
61
Q

explain (case study): koro

A
  • culture bound syndrome
    ⤷ chinese and south-east asian cultures
  • believe that external genitalia are shrinking and eventually disappear
62
Q

name: examples of healers

A
  • biomedical: doctors, nurses, midewifes
  • complementary/alt med.: chiropractors, naturopaths
    ⤷ ppl might have less faith in them
  • traditional healers: dep. on culture
63
Q

explain (case study): navajo healing

A
  • indigenous form of healing
    ⤷ evol. to accommodate western influences (biomed and not biomed)
  • ex. of medical pluralism
    ⤷ combining healing systems
    ⤷ christian and tradition dine systems combined
64
Q

explain (case study): ayurvedic depression

A
  • ayurvadic model of body centers on balance of 5 elements
  • practitioners in india incorporate biomed concepts into practice
  • ex. depression in biomed is classified differently in ayurvedic
  • shows evol. of healing sys.
65
Q

define: epidemiology + epidemic + pandemic

A
  • epidemiology: study of disease in human pop.
  • epidemic: cases of illness in community (not disease so it can be soc.)
  • pandemic: epidemic happening worldwide
66
Q

define: social determinants of health and disease

A
  • soc. conditions that shape exposure to illness
  • soc. econ. factors
  • envrt.
  • cult. factors
67
Q

explain (case study): ebola

A
  • transmission from direct contact w. bodily fluids
  • high mortality
  • had nat., built. soc., envrt. impacts on diease outbreak
  • ex. poverty -> poor housing and unhygenic envrt. -> enhances transmission
68
Q

explain (case study): virgin soil epidemics

A
  • ini. outbreak of disease previously unknown to an area
  • impact of colonialism
  • factors:
    ⤷ no prior immunity
    ⤷ high transmissibility
    ⤷ repeated contacts
  • critiques:
    ⤷ theory was popularized by jared diamond’s book
    ⤷ some diseases still existed before colonialism (but colonizers help ↑)
    ⤷ doesn’t consider social determinants of health
    ⤷ presents indigenous ppl as agency-less and disease and bio (but they did have agency + resilience)
69
Q

name + define: types of medical death

A
  • circulatory: cessation of circulation and breathing
    ⤷ no blood flow
    ⤷ tissue die
  • harvard criteria (case study)
    ⤷ no reflexes
    ⤷ flat eeg (no electrical signal in brain)
    ⤷ no circulation in brain
    ⤷ unresponsive + no mvt.
  • brain: cessation of brain activity and func.
    ⤷ need machine to circulate blood
70
Q

explain: plague

A
  • led to death being steriolized
  • mass graves
  • no more death rights
    ⤷ no headstones or burials
  • dirty streets + lack of basic hygiene
71
Q

explain: organ transplants

A
  • perceptions of death influence attitude towards organ transplant
  • xenotransplantation: animal organs into humans
    ⤷ ethics
  • rights of the dead
    ⤷ corpses get proxy consent
    ⤷ corpses feel no pain but still brings up ethics
72
Q

explain (case study): japan organ donations

A
  • lower rates of org. donation in japan
  • bc associate life w/ heart and circulatory
    ⤷ brain dead isn’t dead
  • so brain dead patients aren’t candidates for organ donation
73
Q

explain (case study): necropolitics

A
  • power dynamics dictate who can live, die, or be commemorated
  • based on soc. struc.
74
Q

explain: social death

A
  • long mourning periods
  • ppl still find grief uncomfortable
  • ppl still honour dead by saying their name
    ⤷ keeps them “alive” (legacy)
  • expected to eventually move on
    ⤷ can’t grieve for too long
75
Q

question: kill vs sacrifice vs put down?

A
  • kill = cause the death of a living thing
  • sacrifice = slaughtering a living thing or surrendering a possession as an offering to a deity
  • put down = kill an animal to prevent it from suffering
    ⤷ not usually used for humans
76
Q

explain: burial rituals

A
  • death often = unclean
  • rituals transition deceased to afterlife
  • reintegrate survivors back into community
  • symbolic practice
77
Q

explain: embalming

A
  • preserving the body
  • death = sterilized so ppl see less corpses
    ⤷ feel the need to embalm to make them pretty
78
Q

explain: return to the earth

A
  • ways of burial
  • embalm = chemicals (released into envrt.), green burial = human compost
  • sky burials in tibet = vultures
  • cremation = less harmful to envrt.
79
Q

explain: secondary burials

A
  • primary = initial burial
  • secondary = moving the remains
  • bundle: all bones gatehred after decomp. + moved
    ⤷ ossuary: bundle for multiple ppl
80
Q

explain (case study): huron-wendat feast of the dead

A
  • ritual (several days)
  • reburial in a collective ossuary burial
  • allows reinforcement of soc. ties + souls to be released and travel west
81
Q

explain (case study): wind phones

A
  • ways to talk to deceased loved ones
  • words = carried by the wind
  • ex. in japan after earthquake
82
Q

explain (case study): tana torajan

A
  • death isn’t a singular event
  • deceased = sick/asleep
    ⤷ keep living in house + cared/interacted with
  • funeral service after a few months marks transition to afterlife
83
Q

explain: grave goods

A
  • items left in a burial
  • intended for use in afterlife or as offerings
  • can reflect soc. status
  • can show identity of person
    ⤷ or how living wants indiv. to be percieved
84
Q

explain (case study): shanidar cave

A
  • iraq
  • nean. burials
  • 4 nean. males
  • pollen found under remains
    ⤷ suggests flowers were accidentally placed there by animals (not necessarily grave goods)
85
Q

explain (case study): hart island

A
  • on periphery of NY
  • identities of ppl aren’t known
    ⤷ ppl were in the periphery too
86
Q

define: paleopathology

A
  • study of disease and trauma in the past
  • informs about life and historic pathways
  • bio, chem, epidemiology, history`
87
Q

name + define: 3 parts of osteological paradox

A
  1. demographic nonstationary: pop. change and affect death distributions
    ⤷ can’t be observed bc part of the living
  2. hidden heterogeneity: not everyone is at same risk of getting disease
    ⤷ age, sex
    ⤷ severity of sickness changes
  3. selective mortality: everyone is dead so we don’t have the whole story
    ⤷ disease takes long time to leave effect on body (bones)
    ⤷ lesions = ppl lived long enough w/ disease
88
Q

name: types of lesions

A
  • osteoblastic/proliferative lesions = new bone
  • osteolytic/lytic lesions = destroy/resorb existing bone
  • look at evi. of healing, location, number, context, etc.
  • lesions being specific to a condition are rare
89
Q

explain: paleopathology and tuberculosis

A
  • rib lesions and lytic spinal lesions
  • possible potts deformity
90
Q

explain: paleopathology and leprosy (hansen’s disease)

A
  • affects extremities and middle of the face
  • destroy palate and nasal cartilage
  • loss of fingers and toes
  • penciling of fingers and toes
    ⤷ bones get skinny and pointy
  • many laws against ppl w/ leprosy (heavy stigma)
91
Q

explain: paleopathology and scurvy

A
  • vitamin C deficiency
    ⤷ shows lack of fresh food + resources
  • lesions more likely to affect kids
  • patterns of lesions can be very non-specific
92
Q

explain: indigenous knowledge

A
  • oral passing down
  • western models = scientific reconstruction
    ⤷ invasive
  • prefer in situ burials (original place)
    ⤷ no digging them back up
  • respects values of ancestors, practices, ceremony, and moral integrity
93
Q

explain: CRM archeology

A
  • cultural resource management
  • decides which sites are cultural valuable
    ⤷ and chooses which places can receive the collections
  • issue bc need the collections to go back to indigenous communities
    ⤷ colonization made many ppl not know who they are
94
Q

explain (key person): sarah baartman

A
  • khoi khoi woman died in 1800s
  • body wasn’t repatriated until 2002
  • ex. of dead as an object
  • khoi khoi were objectified by colonizers
  • brought to be paraded around like a circus side show
95
Q

explain (case studies): nagpra + kennewick man

A
  • north american graves and repatriation act
  • challenges western notions of ownership and dead as objects of study
  • still critiqued over lineage requirements
  • ex. kennewick man
    ⤷ unknown descendants
    ⤷ nearest geographic group may have have changed so much by now
    ⤷ might have no ties at all
    ⤷ makes it hard to know where to return the remains
96
Q

explain (case study): geophagy

A
  • intentional consumption fo earth
97
Q

explain (key person): margaret mead

A
  • pioneer of participant-observation work
  • lived in Samoa
    ⤷ did interviews for insight into sexuality + coming of age
  • Samoan adolescent girls = promiscuous
    ⤷ characterized Samoan soc. = more seucal freedom (coming from America, where sexuality = frowned upon)
  • participant-observation (interlocutors)
  • cross-cultural research
    ⤷ showed varied gender expectations around the world
  • people not born knowing gender
98
Q

explain (case study): travestis

A
  • ppl assigned male + self-identify as “feminine” (viado)
  • use fem. pronouns + prefer hetero. partners
  • body mods.
  • do not consider themselves male or fem.
    ⤷ still assume fem. role in relationship
  • sexual identity = role specific
    ⤷ penetrating vs being penetrated
  • book by don kulick
99
Q

explain (key people): anthro sub fields

A
  • phillip bourgois: cultural anthro.
    ⤷ crack + puerto ricans in east harlem
  • christine schreyer: linguistic anthro.
    ⤷ conlangs
  • rudy reimer: archeological anthro.
    ⤷ obsidian + yumks
  • sharon dewitte: biological anthro.
    ⤷ recreating plague envrt.
100
Q

question: haplorrhine vs strepsirrhine

A
  • hap.:
    ⤷ dry nose, cont. upper lip, orbital cup
    ⤷ split into cat. and platy.
  • strep.:
    ⤷ wet nose, cleft lip orbital bar, tooth comb
101
Q

question: platy. vs cat.

A
  • platy.:
    ⤷ new world
    ⤷ flat noses
    ⤷ prehensile tail
    ⤷ 2. 1. 3. 3
    ⤷ arboreal
  • cat.:
    ⤷ old world
    ⤷ downwards nostrils
    ⤷ 2. 1. 2. 3
    ⤷ terrestrial and/or arboreal

anthrop 1aa3 (2 decks)

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