Test 2 Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
- How does the inner ear differentiate sound frequencies?
a. the tectonic membrane vibrates with greater amplitude in response to low-frequency sound
b. low-frequency sound vibrates further down the cochlea (toward the helicotrema)
c. low-frequency sound vibrates the whole basilar membrane at a slower rate than high-pitched sound
A
b. low-frequency sound vibrates further down the cochlea (toward the helicotrema)
2
Q
- Which of these properties of a sound is NOT able to be encoded by the inner ear
a. Pitch
b. Loudness
c. Sound location
A
c. Sound location
3
Q
- Which of these is proprioception NOT involved in?
a. Muscle stretch
b. Joint torque
c. Head acceleration
A
c. Head acceleration
4
Q
- Which of these is a correct statement about electrocommunication but NOT electroreception?
a. Involves generating an electric field
b. Involves using electric fields for complex behavioral tasks
c. Involves detection of electric fields
A
a. Involves generating an electric field
5
Q
- In general, slow-adapting receptors evolved to encode (respond to)
a. Constant stimuli
b. Changing stimuli
A
a. Constant stimuli
6
Q
- Which of these structures/cells does NOT have mechnosensory hair cells?
a. Lateral line
b. Semicircular canal
c. Magnetosomes
d. All of the above have mechanosensory hair cells
A
c. Magnetosomes
7
Q
- Stereocilia associated with the organ of Corti initiate (start) action potentials through an initial activation (opening) of
a. mechanically gated K+ channels.
b. voltage gated Na+ channels.
c. mechanically gated Na+ channels
d. voltage gated K+ channels.
A
a. mechanically gated K+ channels.
8
Q
- If you were to use an agonist against a wide variety of K+ channels, which of these tastes would be LEAST affected?
a. Umami (savory)
b. Sour
c. Bitter
A
a. Umami (savory)
9
Q
- Retinal ganglion cells
a. Have a center-surround receptive field
b. Use lateral inhibition
c. Axons form the optic nerve
d. None of these
e. All of these
A
e. All of these
10
Q
- Which of these do invertebrate ommatidia and vertebrate eyes share?
a. Rhodopsin
b. Retinal
c. PIP2
A
a. Rhodopsin
11
Q
- Which sensory system’s receptors ALL require cAMP?
a. Vision
b. Olfaction
c. Gustation
A
b. Olfaction
12
Q
- Which of these do NOT help an animal determine the direction of gravitational force?
a. Otoliths
b. Statocysts
c. Golgi tendon organ
A
c. Golgi tendon organ
13
Q
- If you increase the amount of extracellular K+ on the apical side of the auditory hair cells, what would the effect on hair cell function be?
a. Increase the likelihood of action potentials
b. Decrease the likelihood of action potentials
c. No effect
A
a. Increase the likelihood of action potentials
14
Q
- Lateral inhibition is used by sensory systems to
a. Decrease threshold of activation
b. Encode changing stimuli
c. Increase contrast
A
c. Increase contrast
15
Q
- What is shared by ALL olfactory receptor cells?
a. All have cilia
b. All use a G-protein coupled receptor
c. All use dissolved odorants binding to receptors to initiate an action potential
d. None of these
e. All of these
A
e. All of these
16
Q
- Which of these does Ca2+ NOT do in skeletal muscle?
a. Change the shape of tropomyosin
b. Bind to tropomyosin
c. Depolarize the cell
A
b. Bind to tropomyosin
17
Q
- Decreasing the amount of dihydropyridine receptors in the skeletal muscle would
a. Increase contraction rate of the muscle
b. Decrease the contraction rate of the muscle
A
b. Decrease the contraction rate of the muscle
18
Q
- Which of these is NOT an adaptation for superfast muscles?
a. Increase in myoglobin content
b. Increase in number of mitochondria
c. Larger sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
a. Increase in myoglobin content
18
Q
- Which structure spreads the action potential in skeletal muscle?
a. Gap Junctions
b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. T-tubules (Transverse tubules)
A
c. T-tubules (Transverse tubules)
19
Q
- Which type of muscle contracts when MLCK phosphorylates regulatory light chains on myosin head?
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Smooth muscle
c. Cardiac muscle
A
b. Smooth muscle
20
Q
- If you are training to run a marathon, which of these muscle fibers will you rely on most?
a. Slow-oxidative
b. Fast-oxidative
c. Fast-glycolytic
A
a. Slow-oxidative
21
Q
- During some types of muscle contraction which of these does not change from an inactive to an active state?
a. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
b. Myosin
c. Actin
A
c. Actin
22
Q
- Which of these does NOT help regulate the release of Ca2+?
a. Calsequstrin
b. Sarcolemma
c. Ryanodine
A
b. Sarcolemma
23
Q
- Which of these is paired correctly?
a. Phasic smooth muscle contraction is regulated by Ca2+ level. Tonic smooth muscle is contraction is regulated by action potentials
b. Tonic smooth muscle contraction is regulated by Ca2+ level. Phasic smooth muscle is contraction is regulated by action potentials
A
b. Tonic smooth muscle contraction is regulated by Ca2+ level. Phasic smooth muscle is contraction is regulated by action potentials
24
25. ATP is required for
a. Skeletal muscle relaxation and smooth muscle relaxation
b. Skeletal muscle contraction and smooth muscle contraction
c. Skeletal muscle contraction and smooth muscle relaxation
d. Skeletal muscle relaxation and smooth muscle contraction
d. Skeletal muscle relaxation and smooth muscle contraction
25
26. Rank the types of muscle from most to least elastic
a. Skeletal (most), smooth, cardiac (least)
b. Smooth (most), cardiac, skeletal (least)
c. Cardiac (most), skeletal, smooth (least)
b. Smooth (most), cardiac, skeletal (least)
26
27. When a muscle fiber is relaxed
a. cross-bridge binding occurs because Ca2+ is bound to troponin.
b. Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin, blocking the cross-bridge binding site
c. the cross-bridge binding site is physically covered by the troponin-tropomyosin complex
c. the cross-bridge binding site is physically covered by the troponin-tropomyosin complex
27
28. What determines whether or not muscle twitches are summed?
a. Relative timing of motor neuron action potentials
b. Size of motor neuron action potential
c. Location of motor neuron action potential
a. Relative timing of motor neuron action potentials
28
29. After how many oxygen are bound to a hemoglobin is the affinity for binding another oxygen lowest?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
d. 0
d. 0
29
30. The heart muscle itself gets oxygen via
a. the pulmonary artery
b. the aorta
c. the coronary arteries
c. the coronary arteries
30
31. Which of these does NOT aid in venous return?
a. Highly elastic vessel walls
b. Valves
c. Skeletal muscle
a. Highly elastic vessel walls
31
32. If the extracellular concentration of K+ around the heart was decreased which of these would occur?
a. Depolarization would be faster
b. Repolarization would be faster
c. Plateau phase would shorten
b. Repolarization would be faster
32
33. If the extracellular concentration of Na+ around the heart was decreased, which of these would occur?
a. Plateau phase would lengthen
b. Heart rate would decrease
c. Repolarization would be slower
b. Heart rate would decrease
33
34. If the extracellular concentration of Ca2+ around the heart was increased, which of these would occur?
a. Plateau phase would lengthen
b. Depolarization would be slower
c. Repolarization would be faster
a. Plateau phase would lengthen
34
35. If the t-type Ca2+ channels in the heart opened earlier/faster than usual, which of these would occur?
a. Heart rate would increase
b. Contractile force would increase
c. Both of these
d. Neither of these
a. Heart rate would increase
35
36. Which of these is the correct order of the electrical conduction system in the mammalian heart?
a. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His
b. SA Node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His
c. SA Node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
d. AV node, SA node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
c. SA Node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
36
37. In hemostasis, what directly prevents platelet plug from getting too large?
a. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxane
b. Factor XII
c. Prostacyclin and nitric oxide
c. Prostacyclin and nitric oxide
37
38. Which of these will cause vasodilation?
a. Increasing carbon dioxide content in the blood
b. Increasing myogenic activity
c. Increasing oxygen content in the blood
a. Increasing carbon dioxide content in the blood
38
39. If you had ONLY parasympathetic control of cardiac output, you would no longer have control over
a. Heart rate
b. Stroke Volume
c. No control over either heart rate or stroke volume
d. Would retain control over both heart rate and stroke volume
b. Stroke Volume
39
40. How does the pleural cavity affect the lungs?
a. It helps the lungs remain elastic
b. It helps the lungs fill by using positive pressure
c. It prevents the from collapsing by using negative pressure
c. It prevents the from collapsing by using negative pressure
40
41. What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
a. It helps equalize surface tension among alveoli of different size.
b. It maintains a lower pH in the lungs
c. It maintains elasticity of the bronchioles
a. It helps equalize surface tension among alveoli of different size.
41
42. How does countercurrent gas exchange increase efficiency?
a. It maintains a relatively constant partial pressure gradient
b. It has a very large pressure gradient at only one end of the system
a. It maintains a relatively constant partial pressure gradient
42
43. Which of these animals has only deoxygenated blood in its heart?
a. Frog
b. Fish
c. Alligator
b. Fish
43
44. Which of these will decrease the affinity for oxygen’s binding to hemoglobin?
a. At least one oxygen bound to hemoglobin
b. Lower (more acidic) pH
c. Larger gradient of partial pressure due to oxygen
b. Lower (more acidic) pH
44
45. Going to a higher altitude would cause which of these? Answer this question for the physiological state after going to higher altitude but before adapting to it.
a. Increased binding affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen
b. Increased CO2 in the blood
c. Increased O2 in the blood
b. Increased CO2 in the blood
45
46. Blood that is more alkaline (basic) than normal will result in
a. Lowering the breathing rate
b. Raising the breathing rate
c. Have no effect on the breathing rate
a. Lowering the breathing rate
46
47. Which of these is not response to correct the effects of high altitude?
a. Increasing capillary density
b. Increasing erythropoietin production
c. Making the blood more acidic
c. Making the blood more acidic
47
48. Which of these is chloride used for in gas exchange?
a. Altering the pH of the blood
b. Transporting HCO3 in and out of red blood cells
c. Acts as a catalyst for oxygen binding
b. Transporting HCO3 in and out of red blood cells
48
49. Which of these animals uses primarily intercostal muscles and secondarily the diaphragm to breathe?
a. Lizard
b. Bird
c. Shark
a. Lizard
49
50. Which of these breathing (specifically ventilation) strategies uses the least amount of active energy (in other words, which is most energetically efficient)?
a. Ram breathing
b. Tidal breathing
c. Flow through breathing
a. Ram breathing
