Test 2 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Why are people against wind mills (turbines)?
Rich people had view of Nantucket sound now see it- lowers property value
Working Class- people who depend on tourism, local electricians
Nature conservationists- kill birds, bats
NIMBY
Why are people for Wind mills?
Consumers who benefit from reduction of burning
Environmentalists
Public Health- Worst air in the whole state is in cape cod
Energy
Ability to do work
Units
Calorie- 1 g water
Joule (J)- .25 calories
BTU- 1 lb water
Barrel of Oil- 42 gallons
Work
Application of force over a distance
Unit- Joule (J)- l kg
Power
the rate at which work is done
Units Watt (W)- 1000 w/hr
Unit of Nuclear Energy
Megatons (of TNT)- 4x10^15 J
Energy Consumption in the US
A- Petroleum: 41%
B- Coal: 25%
C- Natural Gas: 20%
D- Nuclear: 9%
E: Hydroelectric: 4%
F- Other: 1%
Coal
A- Europe & Eurasia: 36%
B- Asia Pacific: 30%
C- North AMerica: 26%
D- Africa & Middle East: 6%
E- South and Central America: 2%
Oil
A - Saudi Arabia: 23%
B- Other: 17.1%
C- Iran
D- Iraq: 10%
E: UAE:: 8.5%
F- Kuwait: 8.4%
G- Venezuela: 6.8%
H- Russia: 6%
I- Libya: 3.1%
J- Nigeria: 3%
K- USA: 2.7%
Natural Gas
A- Middle East: 40.8 %
B- Russia: 26.7%
C- Other/Europe:8.7%
D- Africa: 7.8%
E- Asia Pacific:7.7%
F- North America: 4.2%
G- South and Central America: 4.1%
Coal Extraction and Use
Mining is dangerous to humans and the environment.
Coal burning releases large amounts of air pollution , and is the largest single source of acid rainin many areas.
Economic damages are billions of dollars.
900 million tons of coal are burned in the US for electric power generation. Ad a result multiple pollutants are released.
Pollutants
Sulfur Dioxide (18 million metric tons)
Nitrogen oxides (4 million metric tons
Particulates (4 million metric tons)
Hydrocarbons (600,00 metric tons)
Carbon Diozide (1 trillion metric tons)
Oil Extraction and Use
The countries of the Middle East control 2/3 of all proven in place oil reserves. Saudi Arabia has the most.
The US has already used up about 40% of its original recoverable petroleum source.
Drilling causes soil and water pollution
Often il contains a high sulfur level. Sulfur is corrosive, thus the sulfur is stripped out before oil is shipped to market.
Oil is primarily ised for transportation providing > 90 % of transportation energy.
Resources and proven reserves for the year 2000 are 650 billion narrels. 800 remain to be discovered or are currently not recoverable.
Natural Gas Consumption
World’s 3rd largest commercial fuel (23% of global energy used)
Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of coal
Most rapidly growing used energy source.
Proven world reserves and resources of natural gas equal to 3200 trillion cubic feet. 60 years at present usage rates.
Natural gasproduces only half as much CO2 as an equivalent amount of coal.
Problems: difficult to ship across oceans i, to store in large quantities, and much waste from flaring off
Ecology
The scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment
Examines the life histories, distribution, and behavior of individual species, as well as the structure and function of natural systems at the level of populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes
Encourages us to think holistically about interconnections that make whole systems more than just the sum of their individual parts
Examines how and why materials cycle between the living and nonliving parts of our environment
Open System
Material and energy are exchanged between parts of the system and external sources or sinks (storage areas)
Closed Systems
Self contained or isolated from outside influences
Positive Feedback loop
uses output from a process to increase that process
Negative Feedback loops
Uses output from a process to decrease that process
Homeostasis
positive and negative feedback loops are in balance
Matter and energy
essential constituents of both the universe and living organisms
Matter
everything that takes up space and has mass
Properties of energy
Energy cannot be recycled. Energy is reused, but it is constantly being degraded or lost from the system.
Most energy used in ecosyste,s originates as solar energy. Green plants convert some of this energy to chemical energy, which is then converted to heat or kinetic energy by the animal that eats the plant
Energy for Life
99.9% of all living things get energy from the sun.
Except extremophiles
