Test 2

Question 1

A research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death

Answer 1

Life Course Approach

Question 2

A ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

Answer 2

Rite of Passage

Question 3

Processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

Answer 3

Anticipatory Socialization

Question 4

An aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals

Answer 4

Degradation Ceremony

Question 5

The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life

Answer 5

Resocialization

Question 6

A concept used by Charles Horton Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions

Answer 6

Looking Glass Self

Question 7

Jean Piaget’s Theory that children’s thought progress through four stages of development

Answer 7

Cognitive Theory of Development

Question 8

A view of social interaction, popularized by Erving Goffman, in which people are seen as theatrical performers

Answer 8

Dramaturgical Approach

Question 9

A person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior

Answer 9

Personality

Question 10

The division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities

Answer 10

Double Consciousness

Question 11

Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of men and women

Answer 11

Gender Roles

Question 12

A term use by Erving Goffman to refer to the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment

Answer 12

Face-Work

Question 13

The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

Answer 13

Role Taking

Question 14

A term used by Erving Goffman to refer to the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences

Answer 14

Impression Management

Question 15

The Preparatory Stage
The Play Stage
The Game Stage

Answer 15

George Herbert Mead
Stages of Development

Question 16

A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to an individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher

Answer 16

Significant Others

Question 17

A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in their behavior

Answer 17

Generalized Other

Question 18

A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people

Answer 18

Social Network

Question 19

A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

Answer 19

Coalition

Question 20

A group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency

Answer 20

Formal Organization

Question 21

Organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

Answer 21

Social Institution

Question 22

Social position that a person attains largely through their own efforts

Answer 22

Achieved Status

Question 23

Social Position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics

Answer 23

Ascribed Status

Question 24

A status that dominates others and there by determines a person’s general position in society

Answer 24

Master Status

Question 25

The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person

Answer 25

Role Conflict

Question 26

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Answer 26

Role Strain

Question 27

The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

Answer 27

Role Exit

Question 28

Any group or category to which people feel they belong

Answer 28

In-Group

Question 29

A group or category to which people feel they do not belong

Answer 29

Out-Group

Question 30

A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

Answer 30

Primary Group

Question 31

A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

Answer 31

Secondary Group

Question 32

Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

Answer 32

Reference Group

Question 33

Preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive

Answer 33

Hunting-Gathering Society

Question 34

Preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods

Answer 34

Horticultural Society

Question 35

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

Answer 35

Industrial Society

Question 36

The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members engage primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow

Answer 36

Agrarian Society

Question 37

A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

Answer 37

Postindustrial Society

Question 38

Collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor

Answer 38

Mechanical Society

Question 39

Collective consciousness that rest on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor

Answer 39

Organic Solidarity

Question 40

A term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members

Answer 40

Gemeinshaft

Question 41

A term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values

Answer 41

Gesellschaft

Question 42

Approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization

Answer 42

Human Relations Approach

Question 43

Process by which a group, organization or social management becomes increasingly bureaucratic

Answer 43

Bureaucratization

Question 44

Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations

Answer 44

Scientific Management Approach

Question 45

Condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society

Answer 45

Alienation

Question 46

Principle of organizational life developed by Robert Michels, under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals

Answer 46

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Question 47

Principle of organizational life, originated by Laurence J. Peter, according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to their level of incompetence

Answer 47

Peter Principle

Question 48

The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that the develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

Answer 48

Trained Incapacity

Question 49

Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy

Answer 49

Goal Displacement

Question 50

Going along with peers/individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior

Answer 50

Conformity

Question 51

Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Answer 51

Obedience

Question 52

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Answer 52

Sanction

Question 53

An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

Answer 53

Labeling Theory

Question 54

A label used to devalue members of certain social groups

Answer 54

Stigma

Question 55

A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

Answer 55

Cultural Transmission

Question 56

Governmental Social Control

Answer 56

Law

Question 57

The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

Answer 57

Social Control

Question 58

Social Control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

Answer 58

Formal Social Control

Question 59

Social Control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

Answer 59

Informal Social Control

Question 60

Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

Answer 60

Anomie

Question 61

Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

Answer 61

Racial Profiling

Question 62

Illegal activity primarily conducted through the use of computer hardware or software

Answer 62

Cyber Crime

Question 63

A criminal offense is committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, or sexual orientation. Also referred to as bias crime

Answer 63

Hate Crime

Question 64

The eight types of crime tabulated each year by the FBI in the uniform crime reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

Answer 64

Index Crime

Question 65

The work of a group that regulates relations between criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs

Answer 65

Organized Crime

Question 66

Crime that occurs across multiple national boarders

Answer 66

Transnational Crime

Question 67

A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services

Answer 67

Victimless Crime

Question 68

Illegal goods and services by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities

Answer 68

White-Collar Crime

Question 69

Conformity- Society standards Retreatism-withdrawn from society Innovation-pursues goals without the proper means Ritualism-abandoned success and mindlessly follows the means Rebellion-alienated form society

Answer 69

Merton's Anomie Theory of Deviance