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General Biology 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecology?

A

Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

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2
Q

What does ecology determine?

A

Determines the distribution of organisms and their abundance

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3
Q

What are the types of ecology?

A
  • Organismal
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Landscape
  • Global
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4
Q

What is organismal ecology?

A

How an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges

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5
Q

What is population ecology?

A

A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area. Focuses on factors affecting population over time

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6
Q

What is community ecology?

A

Examines the effect of interspecific interaction on community structure and organization. A community is a group of populations of different species in an area

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7
Q

What is ecosystem ecology?

A

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment. An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

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8
Q

What is landscape ecology?

A

Focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems. A landscape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

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9
Q

What is global ecology?

A

Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere. The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planets ecosystems and landscapes

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10
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

o Predation
o Herbivory
o Competitor
o Mutualism
o Parasitism

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11
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

o Temperature
o Water
o Oxygen
o Salinity
o Sunlight
o Soil

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12
Q

What does temperature have to do with ecology?

A
  • Effects biological processes
  • Energy is expended to regulate internal temperature
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13
Q

What is a regulator?

A

Body temperature regulates and stays the same

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14
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Body temperature changes due to changes

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15
Q

What is an endotherm?

A

An animal dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat. Ex: Walrus

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16
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

An animal dependent on external sources of body heat. Ex: Lizard

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17
Q

What are range shifts?

A

A response to climate change can dramatically affect the distribution of species

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18
Q

What is eutrophic?

A

Body of water rich in nutrients and contains a dense plant population, the decomposition of which kills animals’ life by depriving it of oxygen

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19
Q

What is salinity?

A

Salt concentration affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water always goes to the side with the most salt. (low to high concentration)

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21
Q

What can affect photsynthesis?

A

Light intensity and quality

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22
Q

What characteristics can influence the limit of oxygen available?

A

o Physical structure
o pH
o Mineral Composition

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23
Q

What is natural range expansion?

A

Shows the influence of dispersal on distribution

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24
Q

What is density?

A

The number of individuals per unit area or volume

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25
What is dispersion?
The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
26
What are types of dispersion?
- Random - Clumped - Uniform
27
What is random dispersion?
Individuals are spaced at unpredictable distances from each other, with no apparent pattern or attraction/repulsion between them. Ex: Dandelions only due to wind.
28
What is clumped dispersion?
Influenced by resource availability, mating behavior, group defense against predators. Ex: Elephants.
29
What is uniform dispersion?
This pattern arises when individuals actively space themselves out, usually due to competition for resources or territorial behavior. Ex: Penguins.
30
What is the mark-recapture method?
A sample technique that can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes
31
What are the equations for mark-recapture method?
Simple Equation: CM/R Modified Equation: (C+1) (M+1)/(R+1)
32
What does births and immigration do?
Add individuals to a population
33
What does deaths and emigration do?
Remove individuals from a population
34
What is demography?
Is the study of these vital statistics of a population and how they change over time
35
What is a life table?
Age-specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population
36
What is a cohort?
A group individuals of the same age
37
What is a survivorship curve?
- is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table - Tracks the amount of death until it reaches 0 Type 1 has high probability of surviving adulthood and beyond and die when old. Ex: Humans, elephants Type 2 has an equal chance of survival at each age interval. Ex: Birds and lizard Type 3 has a very high mortality rate, but a low death rate for those who survive into middle and old age. Ex: Marine invertebrates
38
What equation calculates the change in population size?
Change in population size = (births + immigrants entering population) – (deaths – emigrants leaving population)]
39
What is exponential growth?
- The accelerating increase that occurs when growth is unlimited. Equation: G = rN describes G= the population growth rate N= the population size r= the per capita rate of increase
40
What is the logistic growth model?
- Represents the slowing of population growth as a result of limiting factors and the leveling off Equation: G = rN (K − N)/K K = carrying capacity (K − N)/K accounts for the leveling off of the curve.
41
What is density-independent mean?
Populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
42
What does density-dependent mean?
Populations, birth rates fall and death rates increase with rising population density
43
What is life history?
- Age at first reproduction (maturity) - How often reproduction occurs - # of offspring per reproductive episode
44
What does selective pressures do?
Influence trade-offs between the number and size of offspring.
45
What is k-selection?
- Few kids but large in size. - Selection for life history traits that are advantageous at high population densities.
46
What is r-selection?
- Numerous kids but small in size. - Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success at low density.
47
What does niche mean?
The set of conditions and resources a species needs to sustain a population.
48
What does interspecific competition mean?
Two different species in a community interact through competition, symbiosis, or predation.
49
What is the principle of competitive exclusion?
Two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.
50
What is a fundamental niche?
Present with a specific species when alone (resources capable of using)
51
What is a realized niche?
Present with a specific species when together (resources actually used)
52
What is resource partitioning?
Competing species can coexist if they use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time
53
What is symbiosis?
One species living with, in or on another
54
What is mutualism?
Both species benefit
55
What is commensalism?
One species benefits with no apparent effect on the other
56
What is parasitism?
One species benefits & the other is harmed
57
What is parasitoidism?
One species benefits & the other dies as a result
58
What is predation?
One species (predator) kills another (prey) for food
59
What is ecological succession?
Change in the species composition of a community over time
60
What is primary succession?
Occurs in an area where no community previously existed
61
What is secondary succession?
Occurs in an area where a community is disturbed but not decimated
62
What is species diversity?
The variety of organisms that make up the community
63
What is a ecosystem?
All the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components in a defined area.
64
What are two components of species diversity?
o Species richness o Relative abundance
65
What is biogeochemcial cycles?
The biological & geological processes that recycle chemicals vital to life
66
What is evolution?
Change in the DNA of a group of individuals that results in increased reproductive success

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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