TEST 2 Flashcards
(68 cards)
Structure of A claim
All S are P
Structure of E claim
No S are P
Structure of O claim
Some S are not P
Structure of I claim
Some S are P
Relationship between A and E claims
Not both true
Relationship between O and I claims
Not both false
What do you underline and what do you box for a logic statement?
Underline: Subject and Predicate
Box: Are
What word do you use when predicting other claims?
Use the word “necessarily”
What does “the only” do to a logic claim?
Introduces subject
What does “only” do to a logic claim?
Introduces predicate
What do you use for times and places in a logic claim?
All times / No times / All places / No places
What does the box around a venn diagram represent?
The universe of discourse (the subject at hand and its context)
What does an X inside a venn diagram represent
“At least one, maybe all”
What does shading in a venn diagram represent?
Nothing there // Nothing left
What does an empty venn diagram represent?
Undetermined
If A is true then…
E is necessarily false, O is necessarily false, I is necessarily true
If A is false then…
E is undetermined, O is necessarily true, I is undetermined
Structure of a claim referring to a specific person
“All people like X”
Structure of a claim referring to groups of objects
“All examples of X”
What happens in a conversion?
In which cases is it equivalent?
S and P swap.
Only equivalent for E and I
What happens in a obversion?
In which cases is it equivalent?
Claim changes to opposite form, predicate becomes complementary form (non-X)
Works for all types.
What happens in a contrapositive?
In which cases is it equivalent?
S and P swap, both S and P become complementary forms
Equivalent for A and O
What is consequentialism (utilitarianism)?
Right or wrong is based on the action which satisfies the largest number of people
What is Duty theory? (Deontology)
A universal rule. The idea that some things are applicable at all times and in all places.
