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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Atelectasis is the incomplete inflation of the lungs, which may occur under anesthesia due to decreased tidal volume.

This condition can lead to complications during surgical procedures.

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2
Q

What is nociception?

A

Nociception is the detection of potential or actual tissue injury by the nervous system.

It is a critical component of the pain pathway.

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3
Q

Define pathologic pain.

A

Pathologic pain is pain that arises from abnormal or damaged tissues, often persisting beyond the normal healing process.

This type of pain can be chronic and debilitating.

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4
Q

What is primary hyperalgesia?

A

Primary hyperalgesia is the hypersensitivity of an area close to the site of injury due to inflammation.

This condition results in exaggerated pain responses to normally painful stimuli.

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5
Q

What does the term ‘respiratory minute volume’ refer to?

A

Respiratory minute volume refers to the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs in one minute.

It is a critical measure for assessing respiratory function.

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6
Q

What is a line block?

A

A line block is a continuous line of local anesthetic placed subcutaneously proximal to a target area.

It is used to provide localized anesthesia for surgical procedures.

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7
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system in hypersensitivity?

A

Central nervous system hypersensitivity can be prevented by preemptive analgesia.

This approach aims to minimize pain perception before it occurs.

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8
Q

What is the definition of somatic pain?

A

Somatic pain is pain originating from the musculoskeletal system.

It is typically well localized and can be acute or chronic.

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9
Q

What is a sympathetic blockade?

A

A sympathetic blockade is a technique used to interrupt sympathetic nerve pathways, often for pain relief.

It can be effective in managing certain types of pain.

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10
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air moving in or out of the lungs in a single breath.

It is an important parameter in respiratory physiology.

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action for NSAIDs?

A

NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inactivating cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the production of prostaglandins.

This action helps reduce pain and inflammation.

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12
Q

What are common side effects of NSAIDs?

A
  • Significant potential for toxicity
  • Caution if dehydrated or hypotensive
  • GI ulceration
  • Liver disease (e.g., carprofen)
  • Decreased platelet aggregation
  • Renal toxicity
  • Safe in young and middle-aged pets
  • Don’t give with glucocorticoids
  • Don’t give to trauma patients until stable
  • IV fluids and monitor blood pressure

Proper monitoring is essential when administering NSAIDs.

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13
Q

What are common side effects of opioids?

A
  • Excitement (high doses, usually in cats)
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Defecation
  • Ileus and colic in horses

Awareness of these side effects is crucial for managing opioid therapy.

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14
Q

What is preemptive analgesia?

A

Preemptive analgesia is the administration of pain medication before the onset of pain to decrease the requirement for analgesics.

This strategy helps prevent windup.

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15
Q

List the four components of the pain pathway in order.

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Modulation
  • Perception

Understanding these components is essential for effective pain management.

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16
Q

What is windup in the context of pain perception?

A

Windup refers to central nervous system hypersensitivity where NMDA receptors are activated.

Drugs like ketamine can block these receptors to prevent windup.

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17
Q

What is physiologic pain?

A

Physiologic pain is a protective sensation that occurs with potential or actual tissue injury.

It serves as a warning signal to the body.

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18
Q

What are the signs of pain in animals?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • Pale mucous membranes
  • Tachypnea
  • Shallow breathing
  • Open-mouth breathing

Owners may observe signs of pain at home that are not evident in a clinical setting.

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19
Q

What distinguishes opioids from NSAIDs?

A

Opioids:
* Reverse with naloxone
* Receptors in spinal cord and brain
* Most last 2-4 hours
* May cause excitement
* Controlled drugs

NSAIDs:
* No reversal
* Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
* Not controlled drugs
* Can cause GI ulcerations
* Only for healthy animals

Both classes of drugs treat pain but have different mechanisms and side effect profiles.

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20
Q

What is a Bier block?

A

A Bier block is a regional anesthetic technique using lidocaine.

It is commonly used for procedures on the forelimb.

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21
Q

What must be remembered when using neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

They should NEVER be given to a conscious animal as they have no analgesic properties and can cause respiratory paralysis.

This practice is considered inhumane.

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22
Q

How do local anesthetics block nerve impulses?

A

Local anesthetics block the transmission of nerve impulses from peripheral neurons.

They do not have sedative effects.

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23
Q

What is an example of an analgesic plan that targets three different pain receptors?

A

An example is using morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine (MLK).

This multimodal approach enhances pain relief.

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24
Q

Where should an epidural block be performed in cats?

A

An epidural block should be done between L7 and sacrum, with caution as it may extend to S1.

This poses a slight risk of entering the subarachnoid space.

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25
What is atelectasis?
Atelectasis is a condition where the lungs are not completely inflating. ## Footnote Can occur under anesthesia due to decreased tidal volume.
26
What is nociception?
Nociception is the detection of potential or actual tissue injury by the nervous system. ## Footnote It involves the activation of pain receptors.
27
Define pathologic pain.
Pathologic pain is pain that occurs due to tissue injury or inflammation. ## Footnote It can be chronic and not necessarily linked to an ongoing injury.
28
What is primary hyperalgesia?
Primary hyperalgesia is the hypersensitivity of an area close to the site of injury due to inflammation. ## Footnote It leads to increased pain response to stimuli that are normally not painful.
29
What is respiratory minute volume?
Respiratory minute volume is the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs in one minute. ## Footnote It is a key indicator of respiratory function.
30
What is somatic pain?
Somatic pain is pain originating from the musculoskeletal system. ## Footnote It can be sharp and localized.
31
What is a line block?
A line block is a continuous line of local anesthetic placed subcutaneously proximal to the target area. ## Footnote It is used for regional anesthesia.
32
What is sympathetic blockade?
Sympathetic blockade is the inhibition of sympathetic nerves which can alleviate pain. ## Footnote It is often used in conjunction with other anesthetic techniques.
33
What is tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the amount of air moving in or out of the lungs in a single breath. ## Footnote It is a crucial measurement in assessing lung function.
34
What is the function of bupivicaine?
Bupivicaine is a local anesthetic that provides long-lasting pain relief. ## Footnote It is often used in various surgical procedures.
35
What is buprenorphine?
Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist that partially reverses opioid effects while providing analgesia. ## Footnote It is commonly used in veterinary medicine.
36
What is butorphanol?
Butorphanol is a commonly used NSAID for dogs and cats, known as Metacam. ## Footnote It is available in both injectable and oral forms.
37
What is dexmedetomidine?
Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 agonist used in small animals for sedation and analgesia. ## Footnote It is particularly effective when combined with opioids.
38
What is fentanyl?
Fentanyl is a potent opioid used in veterinary patients, often for pain management. ## Footnote It may be used for epidurals.
39
What is hydromorphone?
Hydromorphone is a pure opioid agonist commonly used in small animals. ## Footnote It has a reasonable cost and duration of action.
40
What is ketamine?
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic effective at preventing windup by blocking NMDA receptors. ## Footnote It can be cardiotoxic if given IV.
41
What is lidocaine?
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic with a quick onset, often combined with epinephrine. ## Footnote It is used to prolong the effects of anesthesia.
42
What is meloxicam?
Meloxicam is a commonly used NSAID in veterinary medicine. ## Footnote It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties.
43
What is morphine?
Morphine is a potent pure opioid agonist used for pain relief. ## Footnote It is often delivered via CRI or transdermal patch.
44
What are common side effects of NSAIDs?
Common side effects of NSAIDs include: * Significant potential for toxicity * GI ulceration * Liver disease * Decreased platelet aggregation * Renal toxicity * Caution with dehydration or hypotension * Do not use with glucocorticoids * Monitor blood pressure during use.
45
How do NSAIDs work?
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inactivating cyclooxygenase (COX). ## Footnote They are metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys.
46
What are common side effects of opioids?
Common side effects of opioids include: * Excitement (especially in high doses in cats) * Nausea * Vomiting * Defecation * Ileus and colic in horses.
47
What is preemptive analgesia?
Preemptive analgesia is the administration of pain medication before the onset of pain to decrease analgesic requirements. ## Footnote It helps to prevent windup.
48
What is an example of an analgesic plan targeting three different pain receptors?
Morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine (MLK) is an example of a multimodal analgesic plan.
49
Where does windup occur in the pain pathway?
Windup occurs in the central nervous system, leading to hypersensitivity. ## Footnote NMDA receptors are activated during this process.
50
Define perception in the pain pathway.
Perception is the process where impulses are transmitted to the brain and recognized.
51
Define modulation in the pain pathway.
Modulation can either amplify or suppress sensory impulses.
52
Define transmission in the pain pathway.
Transmission is the conduction of sensory impulses to the spinal cord.
53
Define transduction in the pain pathway.
Transduction is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials by peripheral A-delta and C nerve fibers.
54
What are the four components of the pain pathway in order?
The four components of the pain pathway are: * Transduction * Transmission * Modulation * Perception
55
What is physiologic pain?
Physiologic pain is a protective sensation that occurs with potential or actual tissue injury.
56
What happens if an epidural anesthetic reaches the thoracic and cervical spinal cord?
Infiltration into the cranial spinal cord can cause serious toxicity or even death.
57
What should you remember when using neuromuscular blocking agents?
Neuromuscular blocking agents should never be given to conscious animals. ## Footnote They have no analgesic or anesthetic properties.
58
What should you do if a patient is connected to a ventilator while under anesthesia?
Use lower levels of isoflurane, because ventilation will be more efficient.
59
What is the most common acid-base abnormality in anesthetized patients?
Metabolic acidosis is the most common acid-base abnormality.
60
Which local anesthetic agent is used for a Bier block?
Lidocaine is the local anesthetic agent used for a Bier block.
61
Where should an epidural be done in cats?
An epidural should be done between L7 and the sacrum; in cats, it may extend to S1.
62
What is a regional anesthetic?
A regional anesthetic is a local anesthetic injected around a single major nerve.
63
What stimulates a healthy, awake animal to breathe?
The main stimulus to breathe is the level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
64
What neurons do local anesthetics block?
Local anesthetics block transmission of nerve impulses from peripheral nervous system neurons.
65
Why are neuromuscular agents given only after the patient is under general anesthesia?
Neuromuscular agents must be given after the patient is under anesthesia to control respiration.
66
Name five signs that an animal is in pain.
Signs that an animal is in pain include: * Hypertension * Tachycardia * Shallow breathing * Panting * Mydriasis.
67
Compare and contrast opioids and NSAIDs.
Opioids: * Reverse with naloxone * Controlled drugs * May cause excitement * Last 2-4 hours * Receptors in spinal cord and brain. NSAIDs: * No reversal * Not controlled drugs * Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis * Can cause GI ulcerations * Only give to healthy animals.
68
What are the similarities between opioids and NSAIDs?
Both: * Treat pain * Safe to combine with each other * Metabolized in liver and excreted by kidneys * Available in oral and injectable forms.

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