Test 2

Question 0

Identify the general physiology of the respiratory system

Answer 0

• Physiology: gas exchange and air distribution

- secondary: warms, filters, and humidifies

Question 1

Distinguish between the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system and identify the organs of each

Answer 1

• The upper respiratory tract: The nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx
• The lower respiratory tract: The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Question 2

gas exchangers

Answer 2

Alveoli

Question 3

How many lobes in each lung

Answer 3

• right lung: there are three.. Superior, middle, and inferior
• Left lung: there are two.. the superior and the inferior

Question 4

How many segments in each lung

Answer 4

• right lung: 10

- left lung: 8

Question 5

Which lung is larger and why?

Answer 5

The right lung is larger because the left is impeded by the heart

Question 6

What is internal and external respiration

Answer 6

External: pulmonary ventilation (breathing), pulmonary gas exchange
Internal: systematic tissue gas exchange, cellular respiration

Question 7

What is the respiratory cycle?

Answer 7

Ventilation, and breathing

Question 8

What are the phases of the respiratory cycle?

Answer 8

Inspiration and expiration

Question 9

What are the phases of inspiration?

Answer 9

• muscles and diaphragm contracting, pulling the rib cage up and out which pulls the lungs
• volume goes up
• decrease in pressure
• air flows in

Question 10

What are the phases of expiration?

Answer 10

• Muscles and diaphragm relax
• rib cage goes back in, lungs decreased
• return to normal volume
• pressure goes up
• Air goes out

Question 11

what mechanism does gas exchange with blood take place?

Answer 11

Diffusion, passive transfer concentration.

Question 12

What chemical levels of the body monitor in order to regulate cellular respiration?

Answer 12

• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• pH level

Question 13

Distinguish between alveolar ventilation and perfusion

Answer 13

• ventilation: airflow to the alveoli

- perfusion: blood flow to the alveoli

Question 14

State the general function of the digestive system

Answer 14

Breakdown of food for absorption and use by all of the cells of the body

Question 15

Describe the path of food through the body

Answer 15

• Esophagus
• Stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• peritoneum

Question 16

List three functions of the stomach

Answer 16

• Food reservoir
• secretes gastric juice to help digest
• breaks food into small pieces

Question 17

Identify the organ which the majority of absorption takes place

Answer 17

The small intestine

Question 18

List the three accessory digestive organs

Answer 18

• liver: produces bile to break down fat
• galbladder: stores the bile in concentrate
• pancreas: secretes insulin, and contains many enzymes necessary for digestion

Question 19

List three functions of the liver

Answer 19

• Bile production
• Storage of iron and some vitamins
• detoxication

Question 20

Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 20

-The pressure of the gas varies inversely with volume at a constant temperature
-The pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish to gas pressure gradients
Pressure gradients are established by changes in size of thoracic cavity that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 21

When is the pressure higher?

Answer 21

Upon expiration

Question 22

What determines the direction of flow?

Answer 22

partial pressure gradient

Question 23

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 23

Changes ingested food from large particles into small particles to facilitate chemical digestion

Question 24

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 24

Chemical digestion involves changes in the chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract because of hydrolysis.

Question 25

What is peristalsis?

Answer 25

I wavelike ripple of muscle layer of a hollow organ that produces forward movement of matter along the G.I. tract

Question 26

What is segmentation?

Answer 26

Digestive reflexes cause of back-and-forth movement within single segment of the G.I. tract

Question 27

What molecule is necessary for chemical digestion?

Answer 27

H20, water

Question 28

Why does the pancreatic juice contain sodium bicarbonate?

Answer 28

Bicarbonate increases the pH for optimal enzyme function; its manufacture also helps restore normal pH of the

Question 29

How does absorbed food travel to the liver?

Answer 29

By way of the portal system

Question 30

What are the accessory structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 30

- oral cavity - rib cage - diaphragm

Question 31

What are the different pulmonary volumes?

Answer 31

Tidal volume: you must upon regular expiration Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal expiration Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation Residual volume: amount of air that stays in lungs at all times

Question 32

Mechanism of absorption?

Answer 32

Can happen by diffusion or osmosis for water Secondary active transport for sodium Sodium co-transport for glucose Fats are transported with help of bile salts absorbed by the villi