Test 2

Question 0

How does the gram- positive cell wall function in a hypertonic environment?

Answer 0

The gram positive cell wall can not protect the cell, the cell will implode

Question 1

Describe the cell wall of prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

The cell walls of prokaryotes almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
- major function is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than that outside the cell

Question 2

List an describe the various bacterial forms

Answer 2

Coccus- spherical
Bacillus- rods
Spiral

Question 3

How do antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death?

Answer 3

Osmotic lysis

Question 4

Which structure acts like an “invisibility clock” and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?

Answer 4

Capsule

Question 5

Where are photosynthetic pigments found in bacteria?

Answer 5

Chromatophores

Question 6

How do fimbriae and pili differ?

Answer 6

Pili are used to transfer DNA

Question 7

Describe the structures of the gram positive and gram negative cell walls

Answer 7

Gram positive has many layers of peptidoglycan and also contain teichoic acid

Gram negative has a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer ( has NO teichoic acids)

Question 8

How do spirochetes and spirilla differ?

Answer 8

Spirochetes have more flexible bodies and move by axial filaments contained within a flexible external sheath
- spirilla are propelled by flagella

Question 9

What is the shape of the DNA found in most bacterial cells?

Answer 9

Single circular genome

Question 10

How do all viruses differ from bacteria?

Answer 10

Viruses are not composed of cells

Question 11

How is the idea that viruses are non living chemicals supported?

Answer 11

They cannot reproduce themselves outside a host

Question 12

How are viruses cultured?

Answer 12

1) lab animals
2) embryonated eggs
3) in cell culture

Question 13

What is a viroid?

Answer 13

Infectious RNA affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat

Question 14

Describe a complex virus

Answer 14

A virus with a complicated structure

Ex, bacteriophage

Question 15

What is a clear area against a Confluent “lawn” of bacteria called?

Answer 15

Plaque

Question 16

How do continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines?

Answer 16

Continuous cell lines can be maintained through an indefinite number of generations

Question 17

When is an envelope acquired in the multiplication of bacteriophages?

Answer 17

Release

Question 18

Which structures allow ensures viruses ability to infect an animal cell?

Answer 18

Aids

Question 19

Assume you have isolated an I known virus. This virus had a single positive sense strand of RNA and possesses and envelope. To which group does it most likely belong?

Answer 19

Togavirus

Question 20

What is the mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell called?

Answer 20

Budding

Question 21

How does bacteriophage and replication differ from animal virus replication?

Answer 21

Release in bacteriophage

Uncoating in animal

Question 22

Some viruses such as human herpes virus 1 infect a cell without causing symptoms. What are these called?

Answer 22

Latent viruses

Question 23

What will oncogenes viruses cause to develop?

Answer 23

Cancer

Question 24

How is NAD+ reduced?

Answer 24

NAD+ receives 1 hydrogen atom and 1 electron from an organic substrate and 1 electron is released into the medium

Question 25

Photautotrophs

Answer 25

Use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon

Question 26

Photo heterotrophs

Answer 26

Use light as a source of energy BUT cannot convert carbon dioxide to sugar, rather they use as sources of carbon organic compounds such as alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, & carbohydrates

Question 27

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 27

Use the electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy and they use CO2 as their principal source of carbon

Question 28

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 28

Specifically use the electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source

Question 29

Describe transamination

Answer 29

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another organic acid

Question 30

Describe competitive inhibition

Answer 30

Competitive enzyme inhibitors bind to and fill the active site of an enzyme. - compete with substrate for the active site of the enzyme - the inhibitor does not undergo any reaction to form a product - binding may be reversible

Question 31

Describe non competitive inhibition

Answer 31

Non competitive inhibitors interact with some other part of the enzyme, a process that is referred to as ALLOSTERIC inhibition - the binding of an enzyme and inhibitor results in a change in the active side of the enzyme - this percents binding of the substrate so the reaction cannot occur

Question 32

Most enzymes are ______, consisting of a protein portion (appenzyme) and a non protein portion (cofactor)

Answer 32

Holo enzymes

Question 33

Refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. -release energy

Answer 33

Catabolism

Question 34

Refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules -requires energy

Answer 34

Anabolism

Question 35

Most of a cells energy is produced from the oxidation of _______

Answer 35

Carbohydrates

Question 36

Two major types of glucose are:

Answer 36

Respiration - glucose is completely broken down Fermentation- glucose partially broken down

Question 37

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Answer 37

Pyruvic acid

Question 38

Two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced from one ______ molecule

Answer 38

Glucose

Question 39

In ________ respiration, O2 functions as the final electron acceptor

Answer 39

Aerobic

Question 40

In _____ respiration the final electron acceptor is usually an inorganic molecule other than O2

Answer 40

Anaerobic

Question 41

Electrons are brought to the electron transport chain by

Answer 41

NADH

Question 42

The electron transport chain consists of carriers including:

Answer 42

Flavoproteins Cytochromes Ubiquinones

Question 43

In aerobic prokaryotes _____ ATP molecules can be produced

Answer 43

38

Question 44

In eukaryotes ____ ATP molecules are produced

Answer 44

36

Question 45

What is oxidized in the electron transport chain system?

Answer 45

NADH and FADH2