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Evolution 16a > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

First hominids

A 
6 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Cenozoic era
Neogene period
Age of mammals
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1
Q

First Homo sapiens

A 
0.15 mya
Phanerozoic Eon
Cenozoic Era
Quaternary period 
Age of mammals
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2
Q

First flowering plants

A 
130 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Mesozoic era
Cretaceous period
Age of reptiles
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3
Q

First birds

A 
150 mya
Phanerozoic eon 
Mesozoic era 
Jurassic period 
Age of reptiles
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4
Q

First dinosaurs/mammals

A 
200 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Mesozoic era
Triassic period
Age of reptiles
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5
Q

First reptiles

A 
300 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic era
Carboniferous period
Age of amphibians
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6
Q

First amphibians

A 
400 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic era
Devonian period
Age of amphibians
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7
Q

First fish

A 
500 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic era 
Cambrian period
Age of invertebrates
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8
Q

Cambrian explosion

A 
542 mya
Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic era
Cambrian period
Age of invertebrates
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9
Q

First animals

A

635 mya
Proterozoic eon
Edicarian period
Age of invertebrates

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10
Q

First multicellular organisms

A

1000 mya

Proterozoic eon

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11
Q

First eukaryotic cell

A

2000 mya

Proterozoic eon

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12
Q

Increase in atmospheric O2

A

2500 mya

Proterozoic eon

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13
Q

First cell

A

4000 mya

Archaean period

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14
Q

Formation of the earth

A

4600 mya

Hadeon eon

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15
Q

The “great dying”

A

250 mya
90% species went extinct
Phanerozoic eon, Mesozoic era, Triassic period

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16
Q

Burgess Shale

A 
Set of fossils found in Canada, indicates increase in diversity of life Occurred around Cambrian explosion 
"Burgess beasts" include 
      Anomalocaris
      Marella
      Trilobite
      Wiwaxia 
        Etc.
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17
Q

Five mass extinctions— when did they occur?

A 
Late Ordovician period
Late Devonian
Late Permian
Late Triassic
Late Cretaceous
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18
Q

Order of periods in Phanerozoic era (oldest to most recent)

A 
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian 
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic 
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleocene
Neogene
Quaternary
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19
Q

First groups of animals

A

Porifera (sponges)
Jellyfish (radial symmetry)
Proteosomes (insects, crustaceans,etc)
Deuterosomes (us!! Mammals(?))

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20
Q

Tikaalik roseae

A
  • reps transition from fish to amphibians
    Devonian period
  • has skull, neck, ribs, flat head like land animal
  • has fins, scales, primitive jaws like a fish
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21
Q

When was the evolution of the jaw?

A

Silurian period

Originally jaw was meant to be supportive bone to help gills function

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22
Q

When did amniotic egg first arise?

A

Carboniferous period

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23
Q

We use fossil fuels from fossils during which period?

A

Carboniferous period

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24
Q

When was Pangea formed?

A

Permian period

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25
Q

Main point of Simmons article

A

Giraffe’s neck evolved due to sexual selection, not natural selection

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26
Q

Jared diamond article

A

Sexual selection applied to many of the traits that appeal to humans, and have no direct effect on survival

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27
Q

Bradt article

A

Talks about Tiktaalik roseae, features, that land animals originated from it

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28
Q

Nowack article

A

bc of repeated actions, evolved to cooperate; Prisoner’s dilemma

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29
Q

Neyfack article

A

Hamilton rule, E.o. Wilson says it doesn’t apply (supports group selection)

30
Q

Sexual selection

A

If there is variation in a trait that affects the ability to obtain mates the variations conductive to success will become more common over time

31
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment INCLUDING the ability to find and attract mates

32
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Distinct difference in size and/or appearance b/w sexes of animal in addition to difference b/w sexual organs

33
Q

Anders Møller experiments

A

Artificially lengthened barn swallow tails—> determined that longer tail results in more offspring

34
Q

Possible factors that affect female choice

A
  1. Display is indication of resources (direct benefit)
  2. Display correlates with genetic quality (indirect benefit)
  3. Display exploits a preexisting bias in female
  4. Display is arbitrary (runaway selection)
35
Q

Kin selection

A

A form of natural selection that favors the spread of alleles that benefit close relatives (increase indirect component of fitness)

36
Q

Possible explanations for altruism

A

Kin selection
Reciprocal altruism
Group selection

37
Q

Direct fitness

A

Ability for Survival and reproduction

Ability to find and attract mates

38
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible through an individual’s actions

39
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

= indirect fitness + direct fitness

40
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

Probability that a gene in one individual is an identical copy, by descent, of a gene in another individual

R= (summation of)[0.5]^L

Where L is each generation

41
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

An allele for an altruistic behavior will spread if rB - C>0

42
Q

Eusociality

A
  • Castes of nonreproductive workers
  • Cooperative brood care
  • Overlap generations

Evolved from haplo-diploidity

43
Q

Problems with Eusociality

A
  • Multiple mating
  • Multiple queens
  • Haploid diploid species that are not eusocial
  • Eusocial species that are not haplodiploid
44
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Altruism in related and unrelated individuals where there is potential for reciprocity

45
Q

Reciprocal altruism is most likely to evolve when…

A
  • individuals repeatedly interact
  • many opportunities for altruism
  • individuals have good memories
46
Q

Reciprocal altruism evolves in species that…

A
  • Are Long lived, intelligent, social
  • Have low rates of dispersal
  • Have high degree of mutual dependence

Eg. Prisoner’s dilemma

47
Q

Group selection

A

Alleles can spread in a population b/c of benefits they bestow upon groups, regardless of fitness w/in group (ie. natural selection that operates on groups)

48
Q

Problem with group selection

A

Not an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

ie. This kind of behavior can be readily driven to extinction by alternative strategy.

49
Q

Characteristics of complex traits

A
  • influence by environment is often present
  • more common than simple traits
  • continuous (not discrete, not just one or other)
  • measurable (quantitative)
  • described by bell curve (normal distribution) —–> regression to the mean (b/c you have many factors that influence outcome)
50
Q

Quantitive Trait Loci

A

Genes that influence complex traits

Can be determined via mapping –> can answer: What are genes that contribute? How much do they influence them?

51
Q

Genome wide association study

A

SNPs –> QTL mapping, association with region of difference with trait

52
Q

Vp =

A

Vg + Ve

Phenotypic variation equals genetic variation and environmental variation

53
Q

Heritability (&eq)

A

h^2 = Vg/Vp

Proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences

Studies via twin studies and parent-offspring studies

Heritability tells us nothing about the role of genes in determining traits that are shared by all members of a population, but allows us to predict whether selection on a trait will cause a population to evolve

54
Q

Response to selection

A

R = h^2 * S

R refers to directional, stabilizing, diversifying
S is selection strength

55
Q

Barriers to gene flow result in…

A

Genetic divergence & reproductive isolation over time

Speciation is a byproduct of genetic divergence between isolated populations!!!

56
Q

Biological species concept

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Ernst Mayr’s definition)

57
Q

Difficulties with the biological species concept

A
  • practical shortcomings (test of hybridity cannot occur very often, according to Wallace)
  • asexual organisms
  • extinct organisms
  • ring species (eg. Green warbler—> gene flow around geo features separating groups of organisms and animals)
  • hybridization
58
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

A species in a single lineage (ancestor- descendent) of populations or organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages, which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

59
Q

Ecological species concept

A

A species is a lineage (or closely related set of lineages) that occupy an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other lineage in its range, and which evolves separately from all lineages outside its range

60
Q

Morphospecies concept

A

Members of a species that look alike

BUT.. Problem b/c there are many organisms that look alike but are separate species

61
Q

Prezygotic barriers to reproduction

A

(Before formation of zygote)

  • Ecological/geographical – separate in space
  • temporal – sep in time
  • sexual/behavioral – sep by preference
  • mechanical — mating cannot occur
  • gamete incompatibility (sperm can’t fertilize egg; esp in plants and marine animals)
62
Q

Postzygotic barriers to reproduction

A
  • Hybrid inviability (zygote can’t develop)

- hybrid sterility (zygote/offspring is not sterile)

63
Q

Allopatry

A

Speciation occurs b/c of literal geological barrier that separates the populations

Two types:
Vicariance
Dispersal

64
Q

Sympatry

A

Speciation on same plot of land (w/out geological barrier)

65
Q

Vicariance

A

Allopatric speciation that occurs when something physical divides the populations (eg. A mountain)

66
Q

Dispersal

A

Allopatric speciation when parts of population leave (involuntarily; eg. freak storm)

67
Q

Most emblematic vicariant effects

A

Supercontinent formation/breakup

68
Q

Mechanisms of allopatric separation

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Sexual selection

69
Q

Mechanisms of Sympatry

A

(Unsure if Sympatry even exists)

  • Natural selection (diversifying/disruptive selection)
  • Sexual selection
70
Q

Speciation rates

A

Depend on change in environment

Slow: Horseshoe crab
Fast: Darwin’s finches
Instantaneous: Hybridization (plants)

71
Q

Difficulties with natural selection (according to class and Darwin)

A 
Class:
Sexual dimorphism 
Altruism
Complex traits
Speciation/ defining species 
Darwin:
Absence of transitional forms (living and fossils)
Perfection 
Instinct/behaviors
Sterility of hybrids
72
Q

Rhynie chert

A

Early Devonian sediment/fossil, shows variety of plant life, indicating early stages of plant colonization on land

Evolution 16a (2 decks)

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