Test 2 Flashcards by Jim connelly

How does the pH of urine relate to its hydrogen ion concentration?

inversly purportional

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Ketone bodies in the urine are suggestive of elevated _______ metabolism

FAT

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What causes myoglobinuria?

extensive muscle injury

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What is the general purpose of test strip screening?

immediately answer whether or not pathological concentrations of substances are present in the urine, also IOT confirm a diagnosis

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what color is a (+) positive nitrite on the dipstick?

Pink

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what substance is most likely to be present in urine that could cause a false (=) negative reaction on the dipstick for Glucose?

sorbin acid or Vit C

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What is SSA used for?

to confirm protein in the urine

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what test is used for detecting reducing sugars in the urine?

Clinitest

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What would be expected in the microscopic examination?

nothing

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What two dipstick reaction are usually (+) in pyelonephritis and cystitis?

Lyucocites and nitrites

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Name several conditions that could be indicated by an elevated urinary urobilinogen?

Liver diesase, Hep, perniciousnemia

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Name several conditions that can cause hemoglobinuria?

transfusion reaction, hemolotic enemias, burns, PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria),

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what is specificity (as related to dipstick reaction)?

each test zone should react specifically to the substance being tested and to no other

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the test pad for ketone bodies detects ______?

aceto acidic acid

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what is the principle of the dipstick method for protein

protein errors indicator of indicators (power Point)

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what unusual urinary protein is associated with multiple myeloma?

Bence Jones

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what sugar (especially in infants) is most likely indicated by a (=) dipstick reaction for glucose but a (+) Clinitest

galactose

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What specimen is used to detect orthostatic proteinuria? When would you suspect this condition?

First morning specimen, erect and walkin around for at least 2 hrs.
seen in children and adolescence

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What is the active ingredient in Ehrlich’s reagent?

p-dimethyl benzel maldahyde

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What is the reagent used to detect bilirubin in the Ictotest?

2,4- dichloro benzene dizonium tetrachloro zincate

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the reagent strip for hemologobin detects _______, ______, & ______?

RBC, Myglobin, Hemoglobin

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What is the action of the enzyme peroxidase?

sudo peroxadase activity which catalizes oxidation reaction to the activity of the regent 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzine

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Why is there normally no glucose in the urine?

absorbed in the convoluted tubules

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What is the advantage of using phase contrast microscopy in the examination of urinary sediment? How does this relate to the refractive index?

allows you to see unstained cellular components and casts

- refractive index is similar to the urine

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What is the use of the polarizing microscope in urine microscopics?

crystals and lipid paterials

Cells are recorded as number per ________ power field (___X)

High, 40-45x

How many field should be examined in a microscopic exam?

10 Fields

27. What is the most common type of WBC found in urinary sediment?

neutrafills

Casts in urine are usually accompanied by a (+) test for _____________.

protein

29. Casts containing cells indicate problems in what part of the urinary tract?

kidney

30. Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

renal pelvis, uriters, bladder, 2/3 male urethria

Amorphous phosphates are found in urine of what pH?

alkaline

What disease is indicated when tyrosine and leucine are found in the urine?

liver disease

33. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by _____________ and _______________.

protein uria & Lipid Uria

34. Casts which have at least two distinct components are called __________ casts

mixed

35. Casts should be reported as the number per __________ power field ( _____X).

low, 10x

36. Which WBC is most likely to be found in a transplant rejection?

lymphosites

37. In what specific portions of the nephron are casts formed?

distilled convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

38. In what type of diseases (in general) are RBC casts found?

where the basement membrane of the glomerloreous was damaged

39. What specific type of epithelial cells are found in epithelial cell casts?

renal tubular

40. Glitter cells are associated with urine of _______ specific gravity

Low

What type of epithelial cells are indicative of vaginal contamination?

squamious

Calcium oxalate crystals are normally found in _______ pH urine.

Acidic

43. What condition is indicated by large numbers of uric acid crystals?

gout

44. Candida albicans (a yeast) is often found in the urine of patients with __________________.

diabietes melitous

If flat, hexagonal, colorless crystals are found in the urine, what constituent is suggested? What should the technologist do prior to reporting out these abnormal crystals?

cystine crystals, chemical confirmation for cystine

46. How can RBC and yeast be differentiated?

acedic acid will lyce red cells but not the yeast

What is the appearance of waxy casts?

cracks or fishers, blunt or uneven ends, refractile, hemonogonist

Name several organisms whose urinary presence indicates contamination.

paracites, trichimonous, yeast

The order for the aging process of casts is _________, __________, ________, and ____________.

cellular, coarse, granilar, waxy

What is the term for the presence of elevated numbers of casts in urine?

cylendruria

51. How can a precipitate of amorphous phosphate be removed? What about amorphous urates?

dilute with acedic acid,

What would be the appearance of RBC in hypertonic urine?

small and crenated

Can the Multistix detect a negative urobilinogen?

54. How would you interpret a (=) nitrate but a (+) bacteria?

bacteria converts nitrate to nitrite, cant convert from nitrate to nitrite, no nitrate in diet, urine not in bladder long enough

55. What happens if you dip the reagent strip too much?

cause leaching, or run over of reagents

56. What type of casts may be found in the urine of a normal pH?

highland

57. What are shadow cells?

RBC that lost hemoglobin

What is the significance of the shape and size of a cast?

aid in the identification

Urine for testing should always be at ________ temperature?

room

Why do we use the refractometer for specific gravity rather than the dipstick?

both ionic and non ionic solutes, where as the dipstick only detects ionic

How does the Watson-Schwartz test differentiate between urobilinogen and porphobilinogen?

is soluible in chloroform and butonol, where as porfobilioginen is soliable in the aqueous layer

What is the principle of the automated instruments for dipstick reading?

reflectance photometry

Glucose in the urine is referred to as _______________ or _______________.

glucose urina, glycose uria

The two different forms of blood in the urine are described as ______________ and ________________.

hematuria, hemoglobin uria

What reagent is used to differentiate urinary hemoglobin and myoglobin?

amonium solfate | hemoglobin is precipitated

66. What is the normal range for urinary urobilinogen?

0.1 to 1

67. Which test is the most sensitive for bilirubin?

Icto test

What is ketonuria?

ketones in the urine

For the slides, be able to identify the various types of cells, crystals, and casts seen in lab. Also, be able to recognize bacteria, Trichomonas, various artifacts, and the maltese cross appearance of fat using polarized microscopy. The slides will be reviewed in class.

Case Study

Hematuria

kidney stones, glomer nephrititus, strenious exercise, smoking

muscle injury can cause

myoglobinuria

What reagent is used for ketones in dipstick reaction?

sodium nitroprusside

What reagent is used for Urobilinogen in dipstick reaction?

para-dimethly amino benz aldehyde

What reagent is used for Protein in dipstick reaction?

tetra bromphenol blue

What reagent is used for pH in dipstick reaction?

bromethyl blue &. methyl red

What reagent is used for Nitrite in dipstick reaction?

1,2,3,4-tetra hydro benzo quinoline-3-olpara-arsanilic acid

What reagent is used for Biliruben in dipstick reaction?

2,4-dichloro benzene diazonium tetrachloro zincate | (aka – diazotized 2,4-dichloroaniline)

What reagent is used for Glucose in dipstick reaction?

glucose oxidase, gluconic acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide, peroxidase

What reagent is used for Blood in dipstick reaction?

3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine, hydrogen peroxide