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NRM 1300 Test 2 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Emergence of Life

A

In science life is by chance, and causes chaos

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2
Q

Oparin’s hypothesis

A

No fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter.

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3
Q

Earth possessed a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing

A

methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor.

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4
Q

Chemical basis of life composed of

A

C, H, O, N, S
Form 20 essential amino acids.
Minimum 239 proteins of living entity

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5
Q

51 AA=

A

smallest protein= insulin= pig

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6
Q

Odds for 1 protein in insulin formed by chance with correct AA order

A

1 in 10 or mill tril tril tril

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7
Q

If 14 advantages are allowed-primitive atmosphere then

A

20 AA formed naturally, average AA 400 units in length, all atoms used to form AA, all AA grouped in sets, UV rays causes no damage to primitive life.

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8
Q

Morowitz’s minimal cell had

A

239 protein molecules would require at least 124 different proteins

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9
Q

Evolution is

A

the theoretical framework for all of the biological sciences

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10
Q

Darwin got a job of a naturalist

A

on the ship the beagle. Collected insects, crabs and other animals.

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11
Q

Voyage of the Beagle went down

A

along the southern hemisphere

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12
Q

How many different species of finches did he find

A

15

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13
Q

Why were the finches important to Darwin

A

helped his theory of evolution.

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14
Q

Darwin’s Ideas (uniformitarianism)

clue: the past

A

Explains past events by invoking natural forces that operate today.

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15
Q

What book did Darwin write

A

The Origins of Species.

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16
Q

Darwins major lines of reasoning

A

Evolution, modification occurs within populations, variation is heritable, natural selection.

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17
Q

Evolution

A

descent of species with modification. From one generation to the other, they slight variations in the species. Descent is from a common ancestor. It takes a period of time for this to occur in nature. This is a gradual process. Evolution= change in gene frequency within a population over time.

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18
Q

Modification within populations

A

We don’t all have the same genes. Much of this variation is heritable. We get the variation through several generations. In humans we go back five generations for traits. This is a gradual process. In some cases it takes millions of year for mammals. In birds it take 800,000 years

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

the driving force. “survival of the fittest”.

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20
Q

Ecology

A

is the study of the interrelationships between organism and their environment

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21
Q

Ecology as a science emerged

A

approx. 100 years ago

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22
Q

Elton come up with the idea that

A

ecology is the function of an organism in their environment.

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23
Q

Limiting factors

A

food water cover

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24
Q

Known Bottlenecks

Study These Flashcards
A

An observed animal example of the narrow definition is the northern elephant seal.
It was hunted almost to extinction, and by 1890 there were fewer than 20 animals left.

25
interbreeding
Too much genetic similarity is not a good thing. Genes keep repeating themselves. Repeated mating of genetically similar parents leads to inbreeding.
26
Isolation
Step1: a large population of organisms Step 2: areas are divided. Step 3: out population is split into two Gene flow is limited by a barrier.
27
Speciation
variations in one species
28
Disease
Evolution provides 2 important insights into fighting diseases. Using antibiotics is a short-term cure. Disease often require direct or close contact between individuals. Many diseases are density dependent. The virulence of vector born versus directly transmitted disease, are not as deadly as directly transmitted diseases
29
Ecological Systems
A set of components that function together that act as a whole. An example is an community. All ecological systems are open systems. Not generally contained with boundaries. Some energy or materials moves into or out the system.
30
Law of conservation of matter:
It cannot be created of destroyed, but it can be changed.
31
First law of thermodynamics
energy can be converted from one to another. Biological systems function because of the first and second Law.
32
Second Law of thermodynamics
whenever energy is converted, some is lost in the form of heat (AKA entropy)
33
Primary Production
total amount of organic matter produced by photosynthesis.
34
Grass production
total energy captured
35
Net production
amount left after plant respiration
36
How Do You Know an Ecosystem?
Energy flow and cycling of chemical elements common to all ecosystems. Structural complex, and varies greatly Watershed is a common, practical delineation
37
Basic Characteristics Of Ecosystems
Sustained life on earth is characteristic of ecosystems, not of individual organisms or populations. Structure: Living (ecological communities), Non-living. Processes: Cycling of chemical elements. Flow of energy. Change (succession).
38
Biological Succession
Replacement of one community of organisms by another in an orderly and predictable manner
39
Stages of plant succession
Pioneer stage (annual) plants, perennial plants and grasses, shrubs, softwood (tress-Pines), climax stage (Hardwood).
40
Moving call to a previous stage is called
step back
41
Primary secession
is when plants start with the first stage and end with the climax stage, without being interrupted.
42
Secondary secession
is when conflicts set back the order of succession. From that set back, the plants will try and complete the succession stage.
43
Niche
functional role of a particular species in a particular system
44
Population
a group of individuals belonging to the same species.
45
Double time means
how long does it take for a population to double
46
Double time=
the time necessary for the quantity being measured to double. Approximately equal to 70 divided by the annual percentage growth rate.
47
Exponential Growth
growth occurs at a constant rate per time period. Equation to describe expo growth. N= N0ekt
48
Carrying Capacity
is amount of species that an environment to sustain.
49
Lag Time
time it takes for carrying capacity to change.
50
Feedback
Occurs when the output of the system also as an input, leading to further changes in the system.
51
Negative Feedback
Occurs when the system’s response is in the opposite direction of the output.
52
Range of tolerance
too much and you could die too little and you can also die.
53
Leibig’s Law of the Minimum yield is
proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient. Became known in 1825 to 1928.
54
Competitive Exclusion Principle (Gause’s Law):
No 2 species can occupy the same niche for very long. Species with the same niche cannot coexist. Causes competition. On better adapted than the other. This makes one species move to another niche.
55
Interference or contest:
Resource does not have to be limited. Individuals are stressed when seeking a resource. Call a zero-sum game. Clear winners and clear losers.
56
Fundamental Niche
No competition
57
Realized Niche
Competition in niche. | Size of realized space is reduce through competition in the niche.
58
Biomas
Large communities characterized by climate and unique assemblage of plants and animals. There are 17 major biomes.

NRM 1300 Test 2 (1 decks)

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