Test 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
State of physical, mental and social well-being
A
Health
2
Q
Proper body mechanics should be implemented when moving and caring for patients to maintain good health
Study of the human body in the working environment
A
Ergonomics
3
Q
Sensitivity to the needs of others
A
Empathy
4
Q
3 reasons why it is a radiographers professional and ethical responsibility to keep consumption of supplies to a minimum (large quantities of supplies are consumed in healthcare facilities)
A
Environmentally advantageous
Department costs
Keeps department moving more effectively
5
Q
Contains district groups which hold conferences for radiographers
One in each state and four more
Provide opportunities to advance the profession and help members stay current
A
ASRT
6
Q
Describes how individuals learn morality:
First behave according to obedience and punishment
Then behave morally to gain acceptance and approval
Eventually behave according to conscience that recognizes morality to society and the human condition
A
Kohlberg’s Theory
7
Q
Branch of philosophy that is a systematic reflection on morality
Considering the proper response to any situation
Professionals are responsible for knowing and honoring the principles of ethics that govern their profession
A
Ethics
8
Q
Provide remedies when patients have been caused harmed or treated harm or treated wrongly
A
Laws
9
Q
Establishes broad principles of professional cants
Put aside personal prejudice and emotional bias when rendering professional services
Radiology protection for self and others
Patient confidentiality
A
Code of ethics
10
Q
Mandatory, specific standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct
A
Rules of ethics
11
Q
Method of evaluating situations in which the correct action is in question
A
Ethical analysis
12
Q
4 basic steps of ethical analysis
A
Identify the problem
Develop alternative solutions
Select the best solution
Defend your selection
13
Q
6 moral/ethical principles that are guides to correct action
A
Beneficence Nonmaleficence Veracity Fidelity Justice Autonomy
14
Q
Goodness, actions that bring about good are considered right
A
Beneficence
15
Q
No evil, an obligation not to inflict harm
A
Nonmaleficence
16
Q
Truth, obligation to tell the truth
A
Veracity
17
Q
Faithfulness, obligation to be logical or faithful
A
Fidelity
18
Q
Fairness
A
Justice
19
Q
Self-determination, respecting the independence of others and acting with self-reliance
A
Autonomy
20
Q
Hospitals required to provide protection for patients concerning the release of individual financial and medical information without written consent
No information given to employer, financial institutions or other medical facilities
Each facility will have a written procedure for compliance with these standards
A
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
21
Q
Most consent is given on admission and is implied for routine procedures
Certain procedures such as myelograms and arteriograms require the patient receive full explanation of the procedure and potential risks, patient and witness then sign a consent form
A
Informed consent
22
Q
Patients can refuse treatment or examination at any time
The healthcare worker should communicate with the patient and explain the situation
If the patient still refuses, notify the physician
A
Right to refuse treatment
23
Q
Do not resuscitate; when a patient agrees to not be revived if they code
A
DNR
24
Q
Outline of specific wishes about medical care if patient loses the ability to make communicative decisions
Some states also have physician assisted deaths
A
Advance directive
25
Deals with offenses against the state or society
Criminal law
26
Thefts and drug related crimes
Felonies
27
Violation of laws that regulate practices
Misdemeanors
28
2 types of criminal law
Felonies
| Misdemeanors
29
Deals with rights and duties of individuals with respect to one another
Civil law
30
Civil wrong by one individual against another person or their property
Tort
31
The suing party
Plaintiff
32
The party being sued
Defendent
33
Threat of harm
Assault
34
Unlawful touching
Battery
35
Unjustifiable detention on one against their will; the least restrictive immobilization device possible should be used, hand or leg restraints must be ordered by the physician. Ex: a patient wishes to leave and is not allowed
False imprisonment
36
Confidentiality is not maintained or when a patient's body has been exposed
Invasion of privacy
37
Malicious spread of information, written information
Libel
38
Defamation of character in verbal form
Slander
39
Neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution
Negligence
40
2 torts
Intentional misconducts
| Negligence
41
6 intentional misconducts (torts)
```
Assault
Battery
False imprisonment
Invasion of privacy
Libel
Slander
```
42
Res ipsa loquitur
"The thing speaks for itself"
43
Resondeat superior
"Let the master respond" (the employer is responsible for the employee's negligent acts)
44
Body language says a lot; ex: leaning forward while a patient talks shows interest
Nonverbal communication
45
A way we show how we feel about our career and patients
Uniforms present a simple, neat this and are easily cleaned
Clean exam rooms show respect for the patient
Appearance
46
Good listeners wait their turn to provide input
Listening skills
47
Clear, distinct speech that uses language and content appropriately
Verbal skills
48
Revealed by nonverbal behaviors, voice tone and word choice
Attitude
49
Validate that you have understood
| Sometimes you may find yourself in a new procedure or with another healthcare worker with an accent
Validation of communication
50
The healthcare professional consciously influences a client or helps to better understand through verbal or nonverbal communication
Therapeutic communication
51
First contact is usually the introduction; patients should be addressed as a person, not as an exam
Addressing the patient
52
Patients like to share making choices involving their healthcare
Valid choices
53
Idea that elderly are ill, worthless and unattractive
Ageism
54
4 most important opportunities for patient education
During the explanation of procedures
Responding to patient concerns
Part of patient prep procedures
During instruction for follow up procedure
55
2 situations that may arise when the radiographer deals with a deceased patient
Radiographs for placement of lines needed to support organs for donation
Homicide (ex: person shot, find bullets)
56
Service for patients when they are likely not to live more than six months
Hospice
57
Provide relief but not intended for a cure
Palliative
58
5 stages of grieving (Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross)
```
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
```
59
Grieving person refuses to accept the truth
Denial
60
Person experiences frustration of helplessness and a feeling of outrage
Anger
61
Person seems to be attempting to earn forgiveness or mitigation of the loss by being "very good"
Bargaining
62
Person accepts loss or impending death and deals with life relationships on a more realistic basis
Acceptance
63
Federal agency governing safety in the workplace, provides guidelines to ensure a high level of safety for hospital workers; required part of safety procedures in hospitals
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
64
3 components of a fire
Fuel
Oxygen
Heat
65
2 ways fire can be avoided
```
Add water (lowers temperature)
Smother it (remove oxygen)
```
66
4 causes most hospital fires are traced to
Spontaneous combustion
Open flames
Cigarette smoke
Electricity
67
Chemical reaction in or near flammable material causes enough heat to start a fire (rare due to safety measures but may occur during renovations or new construction)
Spontaneous combustion
68
4 infractions of fire safety
Blocking fire doors to prevent them from closing
Storing equipment in corridors, hindering evacuation
Improperly storing flammable items
Using unapproved extension cords
69
R.A.C.E
Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish/evacuate
70
Remove patients from danger by moving at least two fire doors away
Rescue
71
Active alarm system or use hospital call code for fire
Alarm
72
Close open doors to limit oxygen supply and prevent spread of smoke and heat, make sure oxygen valves and electrical circuits are turned off and close doors to patient rooms
Contain
73
Use fire extinguisher for small fires and leave the area for larger fires
Extinguish/evacuate
74
P.A.S.S. (using a fire extinguisher)
Pull the pin
Aim the nozzle at fire base
Squeeze the handle
Sweep side to side to prevent spread of the fire
75
Should be on file for all hazardous materials and easily acceptable
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
76
Developer and fixer are classified by MSDS as hazardous
OSHA requires one wear protective aprons, goggles and nutrile gloves when pouring or cleaning up film processing solutions
Darkroom chemicals
77
Regulates safe disposal of hazardous waste
EPA
78
Flood the eye with running water for five minutes
Eye spashes
79
Reports injury rates for hospital workers that are similar to that of industrial workers
Bureau of Labor Statistics
80
Principles of proper alignment, movement and balance; proper this prevents work injury
Body mechanics
81
3 concepts for understanding principles of body mechanics
Base of support
Center of gravity
Line of gravity
82
Portion of the body in contact with the floor; if this is broad it provides stability for body position and movement
Base of support
83
Point where body weight is balanced
Usually located in pelvis or lower abdomen
Body is most stable when this is nearest the center of the base of support
Center of gravity
84
Imaginary line passing vertically through the center of gravity; body is most stable when this bisects the base of support
Line of gravity
85
Too small to be seen by the naked eye; include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, prions and fungi
Microorganisms
86
Microorganisms that live on or in the body without causing infection or disease
Normal flora
87
Microorganisms that cause disease
Pathogens
88
Small, single-celled organisms with a cell wall and an atypical nucleus that lacks a membrane, can grow independently and replicate without a host cell
Significant diseases this causes: tuberculosis, streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
Bacteria
89
3 shapes bacteria are classified by
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla/spirochetes
90
Cocci
Spherical
91
Bacilli
Rod-shaped
92
Spirilla/spirochetes
Spiral-shaped
93
2 staining processes bacteria are classified by
Gram positive
| Gram negative
94
Retain dye when washed with alcohol
Gram postive
95
Dye is removed after washed with alcohol
Gram negative
96
3 oxygen requirements bacteria are classified by
Obligate aerobes
Anaerobes
Facultative organisms
97
Require oxygen to grow
Obligate aerobes
98
Will not grow in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobes
99
Can adapt to grow with or without oxygen
Facultative organisms
100
Atypical bacteria, grows inside animal cells
Transmitted by vector bites (ticks, lice, fleas, mites)
Cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus fever
Ricketttsiae
101
Subcellular organisms, cannot survive independently
| Include Hepatitis, Epstein Barr
Viruses
102
Single-celled yeasts or long branched filament structured like mold
Produce alcoholic beverages, cheese, bread
Cause infections such as athlete's foot and ringworm
Fungi
103
May be infectious proteins, do not have DNA or RNA
Can transform healthy nerve proteins to more of these
Resistant to natural body defenses
Thought to cause mad cow disease
Prions
104
Complex single-celled animals that exist as free-living organisms, some are parasitic
Live in the human body, classified as motile (moving) vs nonmotile
Diseases caused include malaria and toxoplasmosis
Protozoa
105
6 factors that must be present for the cycle of infection to occur
```
Infectious organism
Reservoir of infection
Portal of exit
Susceptible host
Portal of entry
Means of transporting the organism
```
106
Characteristics of certain microorganisms that cause them to be pathogenic and distinguish them from normal flora, enable bacteria to destroy or damage the host cell and resist destruction by the host's cellular defenses
Virulence factors
107
Can be any place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat, must provide moisture, nutrients and suitable temperatures
Reservoir
108
Individuals which are a reservoir of infection, without realizing it due to lack of symptoms
Can also include: animals, soil, food and water
Carriers
109
Any route through which blood, bodily fluids, excretions or secretions exit the body
Portal of exit
110
Frequently those with a reduced natural resistance to infection
Susceptible host
111
Hospital acquired infection, occur more than 48 hours after being admitted to the hospitals
Healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Two million patients admitted each year acquire one (10% of total)
Sources of information include: contaminated hands, instruments and urinary catheters
Wide and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to more drug resistant infections
MRSA, VRE, penicillin resistant streptococcus and aeruginosa and C. Diff
Nosocomial infection
112
Route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host, ex:
Respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts
Open wounds/breaks in skin
Mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth
Bloodstream
Portal of entry
113
Healthcare workers acquire a nosocomial infection
Occupationally acquired/healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
114
6 main routes of transmission from the reservoir to the host (most effective way to stop the cycle of infection is to prevent transmission)
```
Direct and indirect contact including:
Fomites
Vectors
Vehicles
Airborne means
Droplet contamination
```
115
Requires the host is touched by an infected person and the organisms are placed in direct contact with susceptible tissue
Direct contact
116
Objects that have been in direct contact with pathogenic organisms; ex: fork, urinary catheter
Fomites
117
Arthropod which harbors infectious organisms before eventually infecting a host, its bite can transmit disease to humans
Ex: malaria, dengue fever
Vectors
118
Any medium that transports organisms
| Ex: food, drugs or blood
Vehicles
119
Large droplets come in contact with mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a susceptible person
Particles do not remain suspended in air and travel short distances
Ex: influenza, meningitis, diphtheria, pertussis, streptococcal pneumonia
Droplet contamination
120
Occurs from dust that contains spores or droplet nuclei
Particles of evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air for long periods
Dispersed by air currents and special handling and ventilation are required for prevention
Ex: M. tuberculosis, rubeola, varicella viruses
Airborne transmission
121
3 ways the body is protected from the invasion of microorganisms
Natural resistance
Acquired resistance/active immunity
Short-term passive immunity
122
Provided by mechanical barriers such as intact skin and mucous membranes
Mucous secretion by respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal and reproductive system
pH, salt content and dryness of skin limit the number of bacteria
Normal flora prevent overgrowth of undesirable organisms
Natural resistance
123
Can become resistance to a disease by becoming infected with a specific organism
Can also be conferred via vaccines from dead or weakened strains of the microorganism
Acquired immunity
124
aProtein substances for medicine to a specific antigen, produced by the white blood cell (B-cell)
Antibodies
125
Injection of antibodies to a particular infection are given
| The antibodies act immediately but will weaken over time since the body does not produce them on its own
Passive immunity
126
Appearance of an infectious disease or condition that affects many people at the same time in the same geographical area
Epidemic
127
Keeps track of infection and develops information control policies to protect staff and patients based on recommendations from the CDC
Infection Control Department
128
Monitors and studies infection types occurring in the US and compiles stat data then publishes it
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
129
Studies, collects and compiles infection data from every country in the world
WHO (World Health Organization)
130
8 factors disease emergence is precipitated by
Increased human exposure to vectors (Reforestation leads to more deer -> vector for Lyme disease)
Population growth and migration to crowded cities
Rapid international travel and transportation of goods
Contact with new strains of dangerous pathogens
Pathogen mutation
Breakdown in public health measures (South America and Africa: cholera outbreaks from poor sanitation and low chlorine levels in water)
Climate change (SW US: Hantavirus respiratory syndrome due to drought followed by a mild wet winter and spring, lead to rise of deer and mice population)
Bioterrorism (Anthrax outbreak in US due to terrorism)
131
Widespread epidemic
Pandemic
132
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
133
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
VRE
134
Gram positive bacillus that makes spores which are difficult to control, occurs when normal flora are killed off; clostridium difficile
C. Diff
135
RNA/retrovirus (replicated in a backwards manner
| Can be transmitted several days after being acquired
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
136
Has specificity for receptors on CD4 lymphocytes
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
137
Inflammation of the liver, classified as A, B, C, D and E
Hepatitis
138
Hepatitis transmitted by food and water
A and E
139
Bloodbourne hepatitis
B, C, and D
140
Hepatitis that has been shown to survive in dry blood for up to a week
B
141
Most common form of hepatitis
A
142
What should you do in case of needle stick?
Allow skin to bleed under cold water and wash with soap
143
What should you do if eyes, nose or mouth are splashed with body fluids?
Rinse mucous membranes with water
144
Contagious, airborne lung disease caused by M. tuberculosis
Most common among homeless, recent immigrants and immunosuppressed
Transmitted when an infected person coughs droplets into the air
Can be infected but remain dormant until the immune system weakens
Therapy consists of isoniazid for 6-9 months to prevent active disease
Tuberculosis (TB)
145
Simplest and most common test for tuberculosis, intradermal injection or anterior forearm and is measured 2-3 days later
Tuberculin skin test (TST)
146
Infected individuals were prevented from entering
No longer commonly used by US Public Health still has the authority to detain and do this to people to prevent the spread of serious infections
Diseases that may elicit this: cholera, diphtheria, infectious TB, plague, smallpox, yellow fever, SARS
Quarentine
147
All patients treated as reservoirs of infection
Emphasis placed on blood and body fluids being potential sources of infection
Introduced by the CDC in 1985
Universal precautions
148
Focused on barriers for all moist substances from all patients
Body substance precautions
149
Combination of universal and body substance precautions
Infection control to reduce infection transmission
Reduces the risk for airborne, droplet and contact precautions
Standard precautions
150
Absence of microorganisms
Asepsis
151
Second level of microbial dilution that involves destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials
Disinfection
152
Free of living microorganisms, the process of destroying all microorganisms
Accomplished via: heat, gas or chemicals
Sterilization
153
Reduce risk of transmitting dust particles of infectious organisms or airborne droplet nuclei
Protect against diseases such as TB and measles (rubeola)
Must wear particulate respirators which are fit tested
These patients are in negative air pressure rooms (do not let in a draft)
Airborne precautions
154
Protect against large particle droplets
Protect against diphtheria, pneumonia and influenza
Must wear surgical masks but no special air circulation for the room
Droplet precautions
155
Reduce infection by direct contact with skin or mucous membranes; MRSA, VRE, E. Coli and C. Diff
Contact precautions
156
Patients with low immune systems; includes burn victims, neonate and organ transplants
Compromised patients
