test 2 Flashcards by Tanja McHam

How many element account for 98% of earth’s mass?

8 element (Iron, oxygen, and silicon)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up 75% of the earth’s crust?

Oxygen and silicon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Center of the earth is more ____ , as it expands it is less ___.

Dense (Iron center, lighter element migrate to the crust)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Earth’s early molten, (or nearly molten) state under influence of _____, heavy element sank to the ____.

gravity, center

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Minerals are

Naturally occurring, Crystalline solid, orderly and repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules, definite chemical composition, and inorganic (non living)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Minerals are classified by

Chemical composition (what it is made of ) Crystal structure (how it is arranged)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ is the formation and growth of a solid from a liquid or gas.

Crystallization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Minerals are identifiable by there ____ form

Crystal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some minerals can have same composition but different ______ structure.

Crystal (example Carbon can made graphite or diamonds)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Graphite and diamonds have different arrangement of the same atoms is called _____.

Polymorphs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Crystal form -Crystal shapes in the outward expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Which condition effect the grow of the crystal?

Temperature, pressure, and space for growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hardness is the _____ of a mineral to ______

Hardness, scratching (Hardness depends on the chemical bonds and strength is determined by the ionic charge, atom size and packing)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ is the property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness (determines by crystal structure and bond strength)

Cleavage (breaks straight)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ occurs in mineral where bond strength is generally the same in all direction.

Fracture (breaks along curvatures)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mineral that ______ do not exhibit ______

fracture, cleavage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ is obvious feature but not a reliable for identification. Using a the _____ is the true color of the mineral.

Color, streak

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ is the ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume. How heavy a mineral feels.

Density

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to
A the external condition of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth
B The chemical composition and internal arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral.
C.crystal form, hardness, cleavage and fracture and density

B The chemical composition and internal arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The color of a mineral is related to
A it chemical composition
B its luster
C its internal arrangement of atoms

A it chemical composition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There are two classification of minerals

silicate minerals (silicate) and non silicate minerals (oxygen)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ mineral make up more than 90% of the earth’s crust.

Silicate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Silicate are divided into two groups :

Ferromagnesian silicates and non Ferromagnesian silicates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ silicates contain iron or magnesium. Tend to have high density and are dark colored

Ferromagnesian

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ silicates have no iron or magnesium and are low density and light in color.

non Ferromagnesian

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________are more important for us (gold, diamond, copper) we have less of these resources.

non silicate

The silicates are the most common and abundant mineral groups, because silicon and oxygen are A the hardest element to find B the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust C Found in the mineral quartz

B the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust

Non silicate mineral make up about ____ Earth's crust.

Minerals form by the process of ______

Crystallization

Mineral crystallize from two primary sources.

Magma (molten rock) and water solution

Mineral crystallize systematically based on their _____ point

Melting

The first mineral to crystallize from magma are those with the ____ melting point and the _____ amount of silica.

highest, lowest

The last mineral to crystallize from a magma are those with _____ melting points and ___ amounts of silica

lower, higher

Water solutions can precipitate chemical sediment such as carbonates and evaporate Low solubility mineral precipitate ___.

1st

High solubility mineral precipitate ____

last

In the crystallization of chemical sediments from water solution, low solubility minerals precipitate first because A they dissolve more easily B they are infinitely soluble C they are not easily dissolved

C they are not easily dissolved

_______ formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava

Igneous

_____ formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weather and erosion

Sedimentary

_____ formed from preexisting rock transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical fluids (changes without melting)

Metamorphic

____ is molten rock from inside the earth. ____ is molten erupted at the earths surface.

Magma, Lava

Even though the temperature at depth is hotter than rock's melting point, the rock at depth are solid, because A. they are under enormous pressure from the rock above B increased pressure their melting C. temperature would have to be even higher to counteract the increase in pressure D all the above

Three types of magma

Basaltic (ocean floor dark) Andesitic (gray) Granitic (light color, land mass)

Intrusive or plutonic rocks form ____ of the earth

inside

Extrusive or volcanic rocks form ____ of the earth

surface

Three types of volcanoes are

Shield, cinder cone, and composite

Shield and cinder cone have ____ amount silica making lava running. Composite have ___ amounts of silica thick.

Low, high

_____is the most common plutonic rock

Granite

Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at Earths surface. Two types of weathering are

mechanical and chemical

Sedimentary rocks are product of 4 process

weathering, erosion, Deposition, Sedimentation

Mechanical weathering can be ____ ____ ( freezing and thawing of water) ______ ____ (expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling ), and ____ ____ (disintegration from plants and animals)

Frost wedging, thermal expansion, biological activity

_____ the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind , ice or gravity. It involves movement.

Erosion

Lithification occurs in two steps __ ___

Compaction and cementation

_____ weight of overlying material presses down upon deeper layers.

compaction

________ compaction releases "pore water" rich in dissolved minerals. Acts as a glue to cement sediment particles together

cementation

Sedimentary rocks are based on two types

Clastic rocks and chemical rocks

____ transport sediment particles bit and pieces of weathered rocks (shale, sandstone, conglomerate)

Clastic rock

______ sediment that were once in solution (travertine, halite, limestone)

Chemical rock

_____ abundant chemical rock

Limestone

_____ trigger the deposition of chemical precipitates.

Evaporites

_____ is different from other rock because it is composed of organic material.

Coal

The most characteristic feature sedimentary rocks is A they contain fossils B the lithification and cementation of sediments C the layered sequence of strata

C the layered sequence of strata

Metamorphic rocks are produced form

igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rock occur via ______ and _____ deformation

recrystallization mechanical

Contact metamorphism - a body of rock intruded by magma/ associated with high temperatures and high water content

(lots of chemical activity, not much or no mechanical deformation)

Large areas alteration by both heat and pressure

Regional metamorphism

_____ layered in sheets (slate, schist, geneiss)

Foliated

_____ not layered (marble and quartzite)

Nonfoliated

Marble is an example of A crystalline, metamorphosed limestone B foliated metamorphic rock C nonfoliated mica

A crystalline, metamorphosed limestone

What was the rate of cooling and the environment of formation for an extrusive igneous rock.

Fast because it was erupted from a volcano

What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture

Weathering

_____ is the process where sediments are converted into a sedimentary rock.

Lithification

_____ describes the range in particle sized in a detrital sedimentary rock

Sorting

The metamorphic equivalent of limestone is

marble

In a sedimentary rock, small rounded particles indicate

a long distance and long time travel time

_____ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals

Gneiss

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is

heat

_______ is the assumption that Earth's geog logy is the result of slow processes over long periods of time

Uniformitarianism

______ relative age, the ordering of rocks in sequence by comparative ages

Relative dating

______ absolute age, actual age of rock determined in a laboratory.

Radiometric dating

____ new layers of sediment are horizontally laid down over older layer

Original horizontality

____ in undeformed sequences of rock, top layers are younger than bottom layers

superposition

_____ a fault or intrusion that cuts into a rock is younger than the rock it cuts through

Cross cutting

Any inclusion is older than the rock containing it

inclusion piece of rock

_____ allows us to date separates rock outcrops from similar characteristics

lateral continuity

______ Fossil organisms follow one another in a definite, irreversible time sequence.

Faunal succession

The embedded rocks (inclusions) in the sedimentary layers are A metamorphic B older than the sedimentary layers C younger than the sedimentary layers

B older than the sedimentary layers

Uncomformites are ___ in the rock record

Gaps

__ ___ the time it takes for half of the parents isotopes to decay to their daughter product

Half life

Radiometric dating can give the actual age of a rock. An exception to the actual age" can be found in

Sedimentary and some metamorphic rocks

______ time ranges 4.5 billion years ago to 543 million years ago

Precambrian

Blue/ green algae or cyanobacteria and volcanic

Precambrian

Three type of atmosphere

1ST hydrogen and helium 2nd from volcanic out gassing rich in CO2 and H2O h2o formed the oceans 3rd removal of co2 to rocks nitrogen increased oxygen increased development of o3

The development of free oxygen was crucial to the emergence of life on earth because it led to the formation of

Ozone which screen earth from harmful incoming UV radiation

____ era 300 million year ago to six period. | Fossil with hard body organisms showed up, rise is sea levels and marine life.

Palezoic

_____ 543 to 490 Ma Hard bodied organism Forming outer skeleton

Cambrian period

______ 490 to 443 Ma Emergence of vertebrates (jaw less fish) Landmasses on journey to become southern continent of Gondwanaland

Ordovician period

______ 443 to 417 ma terrestrial life- plants, scorpions, and millipedes

Silurian period

_____ known as the "age of the fish" 417 to 354 north America join the northern hemisphere "Pangaea"

Devonian period

Deposition of sediment with each layer younger than they layer below is referred to as the principle of A. nonconformity B. superposition C. original horizontality

B. superposition

A surface of erosion between rocks that represent a gap in the Earths history is A. a faunal conformity B. an unconformity C. called a dike

B. an unconformity

``` If the half-life of some radioactive element is 1 billion years, and a mass of rock originally contained 100g of that element, how many grams of the radioactive element would be left after two billion years had passed? A 6.25 B.12.5 C.25 D. 50 ```

C.25

The _____ is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geologic ages of strata? A law of fossil regression B principle of faunal succession C principle of cross correlation

B principle of faunal succession

During the Precambrian. the development of the ozone layer helped A promote the emergence stromatlites B to shield the Earths surface from harmful uv radiation C. Promote the development of anaerobic organisms

B to shield the Earths surface from harmful uv radiation

The most important event that marks the beginning of the Paleozoic Era was the A. emergence of the trilobite. B. ability of organisms to form an outer skeleton C. ability of the organisms to develop lungs

B. ability of organisms to form an outer skeleton

The most common Precambrian fossils are ____, layered mounds of calcium carbonate. A. trilobites B. porkaryotes C stromatolites

C stromatolites

Which one of the following represent the greatest expanse of geological time? A. Paleozoic B. Mesozoic C. Precambrian

C. Precambrian

The ______ period 354 to 290 Ma | Insects moving to land, Amniote egg key to reptiles

Carboniferous

The ___ Period 290 to 248 Ma | Extinction of 95% marine species. 70% land species

Permian

Causes of extinction in Permian period

Redistribution of water and land Changes in land mass elevation Climate change Lowering of sea levels

_____ era 180 million years from 248 million about 65 million years ago Three Periods Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Often call the "age of the reptiles"

Mesozoic

____ breaking up of Pangaea, Flowering plants, 1st true reptiles, insects

Mesozoic

How did Mesozoic era end

Large asteroid or comet struck earth | extensive volcanism occurred came out of the fissure cracks in the earth (gas in the air)

_____ 65 million years ago to present know mammals | Two Periods Tertiary, Quaternary

Cenozoic era

``` _____ era Climates cooled Glaciation in temperature 1/3 of land covered by ice Marine mammals and large land Humans Multiple ice ages ```

Cenozoic

Glaciation during the Cenozoic resulted in A. lowering of sea level world wide B. carving of the Swiss Alps C land bridge connections between various continents D all of the above

D all of the above