Test 2 Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:
A
innovation streams
2
Q
The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.
A
compression
3
Q
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:
A
innovation streams
4
Q
The first stage of organizational decline is:
A
blinded
5
Q
Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?
A
unfreezing
6
Q
According to John Kotter’s analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:
A
not establishing a great enough sense of urgency
7
Q
Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.
A
innovation
8
Q
Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.
A
organizational innovation
9
Q
The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.
A
technological discontinuity
10
Q
A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.
A
cycle
11
Q
Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.
A
S-curve
12
Q
In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,
A
at both the beginning and end of the cycle
13
Q
When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.
A
at the end of the innovation cycle
14
Q
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called ____.
A
innovation streams
15
Q
A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.
A
knowledge, tools, and techniques
16
Q
____ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
A
Discontinuous change
17
Q
The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones is an example of ___.
A
technological substitution
18
Q
Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.
A
technological substitution
19
Q
In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.
A
technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change
20
Q
are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.
A
Creative work environments
21
Q
Organizational development ____.
A
is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions
22
Q
Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change?
A
All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach.
23
Q
A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort.
A
change agent
24
Q
Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions?
A
coercion
25
Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?
Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable.
26
According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.
change forces; resistance forces
27
It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design.
compression
28
When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.
generational change
29
The ____ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.
compression
30
Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity?
all of these - the granting of autonomy ; the removal of organizational impediments ; organizational encouragement ; the development of challenging work
31
The two general kinds of trade barriers are:
tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers
32
The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
33
Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?
exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates
34
Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and:
purchasing power
35
Hofstede's research has shown there are:
five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries
36
An expatriate is someone who:
lives and works outside of his or her own country
37
The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.
how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture
38
Global business is defined as____.
the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries
39
____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.
Direct foreign investment
40
In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.
tariff
41
____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.
Subsidies
42
The acronym GATT stands for the ____.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
43
One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.
To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?
44
Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.
phase model of globalization
45
Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics is a medium-sized U.S. company that sells 1.5 million tubes of its lipstick annually in Japan. It has no physical presence within the country beyond the fact its products are sold there. Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics uses ____ to reach the Japanese market.
exporting
46
____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.
Exporting
47
A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.
cooperative contract
48
____ are both examples of cooperative contracts.
Franchising and licensing
49
In terms of Hofstede’s cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede’s cultural differences, these people have a ____.
low degree of uncertainty avoidance
50
Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent’s nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.
political uncertainty
51
All global new ventures share two common factors. One is the bringing of a good or service to several different foreign markets at the same time. The other is ____.
none of these
52
The evidence clearly shows that ____ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.
how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture
53
The term ____ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations.
uncertainty avoidance
54
According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.
having a short-term orientation
55
The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.
cooperation
56
____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.
National culture
57
What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business?
political uncertainty and policy uncertainty
58
A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.
an effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site
59
Which of the following factors helps a company determine the growth potential of a foreign market?
purchasing power
60
Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing an office/manufacturing location in the Brazilian market for a U.S. company that operates cinemas and wants to open a chain of movie theatres there?
all of these
61
Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by:
chain of command
62
A(n) __________ function is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling the company's products.
line
63
__________ means increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the power to make decisions about their own work.
Job enrichment
64
A(n) __________ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities, precisely defined, unchanging roles, and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.
mechanistic
65
__________ is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.
Reengineering
66
Except for the core business activities that they can perform better, faster, and cheaper than others, __________ outsource all remaining business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.
modular organizations
67
The organizational process ____.
is the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value
68
While ____ emphasizes jobs and their authority relationships, ____ emphasizes the activities through which work gets done in the organization.
organizational structure; organizational process
69
____ departmentalization is defined as organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.
Functional
70
____ is a general term that refers to subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for completing particular tasks.
Departmentalization
71
Which of the following statements about functional departmentalization is true?
Functional departmentalization allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists
72
Hallmark has four departments. These departments are (1) Flowers and Gifts, (2) Cards and E-cards, (3) Hallmark Collectibles, and (4) Photo Albums and Scrapbooks. Hallmark uses ____ departmentalization.
product
73
With divisions that focus on business clients and consumer clients, companies like Sprint, American Express, and others are examples of ____ departmentalization.
customer
74
Procter & Gamble has divisions for personal and beauty, house and home, health and wellness, baby and family, and pet nutrition and care. These divisions indicate that the company uses ____ departmentalization.
product
75
With ____ departmentalization, most employees report to two bosses.
matrix
76
In terms of the chain of command, ____ authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, while ____ authority is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates.
line; staff
77
The chain of command ____.
is described by none of these
78
____ involves assigning direct authority and responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.
Delegation of authority
79
When managers delegate work, three transfers occur. The three transfers are responsibility, authority, and ____.
accountability
80
____ is the process of solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.
Standardization
81
Decentralization ____.
leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees
82
Job specialization can result in ____.
employee boredom
83
____ determines the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in their jobs.
Job design
84
An organization that has increased the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job has engaged in ____.
job enlargement
85
The central concern of the job characteristics model (JCM) is ____.
internal motivation
86
____ is the degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish their jobs.
Autonomy
87
____ is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside the organization.
Task significance
88
A(n) ____ organization is one that is characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibilities; loosely defined, frequently changing roles; and decentralized authority and horizontal communication based on task knowledge.
organic
89
A(n) ____ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles; and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.
mechanistic
90
The three types of task interdependence are
reciprocal, pooled, and sequential
91
Team rewards that depend on __________ are the key to rewarding team behaviors and efforts.
team performance rather than individual performance
92
Which of the following types of teams have the authority to change their composition as well as all of their tasks and work methods?
self-designing teams
93
Which of the following size teams usually provides the best performance?
6 to 9
94
According to the text, a(n) ____ is a small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes.
work team
95
How are organizations using teams to help increase customer satisfaction?
by creating problem-solving teams to study ways to improve customer satisfaction and make recommendations for improvements
96
Which of the following is a reason teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work?
All of these are reasons why teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work.
97
____ occurs when workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.
Social loafing
98
Which of the following statements describe an advantage teams have over individuals in the decision-making process?
All of these describe advantages teams have over individuals in the decision-making process.
99
Teams are typically required when ____.
tasks require multiple perspectives
100
In the autonomy continuum (which shows how five kinds of teams differ in terms of autonomy), the correct sequence, from low team autonomy to high team autonomy, is ____.
traditional work groups, employee involvement teams, semi-autonomous work groups, self-managing teams, and self-designing teams
101
The ____ is purposefully composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization.
cross-functional team
102
A(n) ____ is defined as a team composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed coworkers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task.
virtual team
103
The ____ is created to complete specific, one-time projects or tasks within a limited time.
project team
104
____ are informally agreed-on standards that regulate team behavior.
Norms
105
____ is the extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain with it.
Cohesiveness
106
Team norms in an organization can create ____.
all of these
107
Which of the following statements regarding cohesiveness is true?
Cohesive groups have lower turnover.
108
____ undermines team effectiveness by preventing teams from engaging in the kinds of activities that are critical to team effectiveness.
Affective conflict
109
Affective conflict ____.
typically decreases team cohesiveness
110
Minority domination tends to be a particular problem in ____.
groups of ten or larger
111
Which of the following statements about team development is true?
The growth stages are forming, norming, and performing
112
Which of the following is one of the stages that teams pass through as they develop and grow, rather than decline?
performing
113
Group cohesion tends to be relatively strong at the ____ stage of team development.
norming
114
A team has finally matured into a fully-functioning team at the ____ stage of development.
performing
115
With ____, teams no longer have to go through the frustratingly slow process of multilevel reviews and signoffs to get management approval before making changes.
bureaucratic immunity
116
____ is the ability to change organizational structures, policies, and practices if it helps teams meet their stretch goals.
Structural accommodation
117
____ describes the average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team.
Team level
118
Which of the following statements about team training is true?
Cross-training is less appropriate for teams of highly skilled workers.
119
Which of the following is a method used for compensating employees for team participation and accomplishments?
gainsharing
120
An organization that rewards its team members through gainsharing is ____.
sharing the financial value of performance gains
121
To which of the following aspects of the human resource management process does federal employment law apply?
all of these
122
A __________ is a purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work-related aspects of a job.
job analysis
123
The __________ interview uses only standardized, job-related interview questions that are prepared ahead of time and asked of all candidates
structured
124
A __________ is a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and co-workers, and the employees themselves.
360-degree feedback
125
An ESOP is an:
employee stock ownership plan
126
____ is the process of finding, developing, and keeping the right people for the company.
Human resource management
127
The fact that a 98-pound job candidate is not hired as a dock worker to move 60-pound boxes of produce is legal as a result of ____.
bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)
128
____ is intentional discrimination that occurs when people are purposefully not given the same hiring, promotion, or membership opportunities because of their race, sex, age, ethnic group, national origin, or religious beliefs.
Disparate treatment
129
When a CEO opened the nationwide sales force meeting with a crude sexually explicit joke it was an example of ____.
sexual harassment
130
The ____ is a rule of thumb used by the courts and the EEOC to determine whether there is evidence of adverse impact. A violation of this rule occurs when the selection rate for a protected group is less than a specified level of the selection rate for a nonprotected group.
80 percent rule
131
From a legal perspective, there are two kinds of sexual harassment. They are ____.
quid pro quo and hostile work environment
132
Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?
Sexual harassment can occur between people of the same sex.
133
Former female employees of a national real estate brokerage firm claimed that they were subjected to lewd remarks, unwanted groping, and sexual propositions by male co-workers. According to their attorney, "The firm created a frat-house culture and then failed to do anything about it." Their suit claims the women were victims of ____.
a hostile work environment
134
To ensure that sexual harassment laws are followed and not violated, companies should ____.
do all of these
135
Two of the most important results of a job analysis are ____.
job descriptions and job specifications
136
____ help companies meet the legal requirement that their human resource decisions be job-related.
Job specifications, job analyses, and job descriptions
137
Which of the following types of information would typically be collected as part of a job analysis?
all of these
138
Before beginning to recruit, organizations must ____.
conduct a job analysis
139
In order to be considered ____, recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisals, and employee separations must be valid and be directly related to the important aspects of the job and identified by a careful job analysis.
job-related
140
____ is the process of gathering information about job applicants to decide who should be offered a job.
Selection
141
Which of the following statements about job validation tests is true?
Validation refers to the process of determining how well a selection test or procedure predicts future job performance.
142
Which of the following questions is deemed acceptable (i.e., "legal") for employers to ask applicants during the selection process?
Have you ever been convicted of a crime?
143
Which of the following statements about job validation tests is true?
Validation refers to the process of determining how well a selection test or procedure predicts future job performance.
144
Which of the following questions is deemed acceptable (i.e., "legal") for employers to ask applicants during the selection process?
Have you ever been convicted of a crime?
145
Which of the following types of tests accurately predicts job performance in almost all kinds of jobs?
cognitive ability tests
146
____ means providing opportunities for employees to develop the job-specific skills, experience, and knowledge they need to do their jobs or improve their performance.
Training
147
Which of the following training methods is most appropriate for imparting information or knowledge to trainees?
lectures and planned readings
148
Which of the following is one of the ways in which training can be evaluated?
all of these
149
Which of the following statements about performance appraisal is true?
Most employees and managers intensely dislike the performance appraisal process.
150
Which of the following is an example of an objective performance measure?
input/output measures
151
To improve traditional performance appraisal feedback sessions, it is recommended that managers ____.
base performance appraisal feedback sessions on self-appraisals
152
The term ____ refers to both the financial and nonfinancial rewards organizations give employees in exchange for their work.
compensation
153
Which of the following statements explains why diversity actually makes good business sense?
Diversity helps companies attract and recruit talented employees.
154
The two basic types of diversity training programs are ____.
awareness training and skills-based diversity training
155
The term ____ refers to a work environment where (1) each member is empowered to contribute in a way that maximizes the benefits to the organization, customers, and themselves; and (2) the individuality of each member is respected by not segmenting or polarizing people on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
organizational plurality
156
Organizational plurality is consistent with ____.
the learning and effectiveness paradigm
157
Which of the Big Five personality measures has the greatest impact on behavior in organizations?
conscientiousness
158
Which of the following is the most commonly used paradigm for managing diversity?
the discrimination and fairness paradigm
159
Conscientiousness is ____.
the degree to which someone is organized, hardworking, responsible, and achievement-oriented
160
Which of the following jobs would be most likely to require someone who has high degree of extraversion?
salesperson
161
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality dimensions?
empathy
162
To make sure that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else, organizations can ____.
make a commitment to reasonable workplace accommodations
163
An individual's ____ refers to his or her tendency to respond to situations and events in a predetermined manner.
disposition
164
____ is the relatively stable set of behaviors, attitudes, and emotions displayed over time that makes people different from each other.
Personality
165
Which of the following might account for the disparities between the percentages of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans among the general population and their smaller representation in management positions?
racial or ethnic discrimination in the workplace
166
Which of the following statements about disabilities is true?
Accommodations for disabilities needn’t be expensive.
167
Older workers ____.
are accurately described by none of these
168
____ helps companies grow by improving the quality of problem solving and improving marketplace understanding.
Diversity
169
____ is the degree to which group members are psychologically attracted to working with each other to accomplish a common objective.
Social integration
170
____ within P&G's management has led the company to realize that Hispanic consumers "are more likely to support a company or brand that is active in their community."
diversity
171
Diversity helps companies grow by ____.
improving marketplace understanding
172
Unlike ____, which punishes companies for not achieving specific gender and race differences in their work forces, ____ programs seek to benefit both organizations and their employees by encouraging organizations to value all kinds of differences.
affirmative action; diversity
173
The purposeful steps taken by an organization to create employment opportunities for minorities and women is called ____.
affirmative action
174
A key difference between affirmative action and diversity is that ____.
diversity has a broader focus
175
Affirmative action programs are typically designed to ____.
compensate for past discrimination
176
____ is a term that describes a situation in organizations when there is a variety of demographic, cultural, and personal differences among the people who work there and the customers who do business there.
Diversity
177
Organizational plurality is consistent with:
the learning and effectiveness paradigm
178
Which of the following is a paradigm for managing diversity?
the learning and effectiveness paradigm
179
Which of the following diversity practices is a special kind of mentoring?
diversity pairing
180
Which of the following is an example of a diversity principle that will help managers do a better job of managing company diversity programs?
All of these are examples of diversity principles.
181
A(n) ____ is a formal assessment that measures employee and management attitudes, investigates the extent to which people are advantaged or disadvantaged with respect to hiring and promotions, and reviews companies' diversity-related policies and procedures.
diversity audit
182
People with the Big Five dimension of ____ respond well under stress.
emotional stability
