Test 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
A social process of becoming disengaged from the community and the belief system of a particular faith
A
Disaffiliation
2
Q
5 Retention & Disaffiliation factors
A
- ) Education
- ) Income
- ) Gender
- ) Marriage/divorce
- ) Age
3
Q
- ) Seek consistency among cognitions
- ) Inconsistency produces dissonance
- ) Adjust cognitions to restore consonance
These 3 factors are components of what theory?
A
Cognitive dissonance theory
4
Q
- ) Circulate within denominational families
- ) Cross denominational family lines
Are two factors of…
A
Reafflitation
5
Q
Who defined social class with workers and owners?
A
Marx
6
Q
This person defined social class with power, property, prestige.
A
Weber
7
Q
What are two components that contribute to the conflict theorist?
A
- ) Alienation
2. ) Exploitation
8
Q
Religion is a spiritual response to a condition of _______
A
Alienation
9
Q
Religion served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others
A
Exploitation
10
Q
What are the 3 elements of religion that predict whose economic interests are likely to be supported in any given time or place?
A
- ) The nature of theology
- ) The degree to which religious organizations are independent of elite control
- ) The extenet to which aspects of religion support the plausibility of the class structure
11
Q
What are the 2 types of theology?
A
- ) Priestly
2. ) Prophetic
12
Q
Reinforcing structures include…
A
Cultural features of religion that support priestly or prophetic theologies
13
Q
T/F
Reinforcing structures may be implicit or explicit
A
True
14
Q
Soteriology
A
Achieving salvation
15
Q
Reconciling a perfect god to an imperfect world
A
Theodicy
16
Q
Who believed…
Religious belief is ultimately grounded in suffering
A
Weber
17
Q
Weber is the author to what book?
A
The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
18
Q
The “spirirt” of capitalism is found where?
A
In Benjamin Franklin’s writings
19
Q
What are the 2 contributors to the protestant reformation?
A
- ) Luther
2. ) Calvin
20
Q
Who believed…
All worldly occupations could be seen as religiously inspired callings
A
Luther
21
Q
What are the 2 components of Calvin’s contributions to the Protestant Reformation?
A
- ) Predestination
2. ) Salvation anxiety
22
Q
If Calvinists are successful in their calling that is a sign that they are _____
A
Elect
23
Q
The idea of being “elect” resulted in…
A
A tremendous drive toward action and a life of strict discipline
24
Q
- ) Wealth accumulation does not fit with the Calvinist tradition
- ) Calvinists were barred from political office
Are 2 arguments against whom?
A
Weber
25
What are the four main contributions from the Protestantism?
1. ) Permitted the intellect to be devoted to worldly pursuits
2. ) Distinguishes politics from religion (unlike Catholicism)
3. ) Encouraged independence, personal responsibility
4. ) Introduced education to the masses
26
1. ) Religion stimulates consumption
2. ) Sense of community
3. ) Networking
4. ) Reinforcing certain economic systems
Are all factors in regards too..
Religion and economic behavior
27
T/F
Religious organizations are major employers (e.g. lobbyist groups & administrative)
True
28
What are 2 negative influences religion has on the economy?
1. ) Ban books, music, etc
| 2. ) Prohibition
29
What are the 3 main types of leaders?
1. ) Traditional
2. ) Rational-legal
3. ) Charismatic
30
Legitimated by the sanctity of tradtion
Traditional leadership
31
What is rational-legal leadership?
Obedience is not given to the leader but to a set of uniform principles
32
Based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual
Charismatic leadership
33
The process known as institutionalization is...
The creation of a stable set of rules that are established to survive after a charismatic leader dies/moves and developing stable routines
34
- Transfer of power
- Provision of a stable economic base
Are two components of...
Institutionalization
35
What are the four main types of religious organizations?
1. ) Church
2. ) Denomination
3. ) Sect
4. ) Cult
36
A ______ is the beginning of a reform movement to renew faith
Sect
37
A _______ is the middle of a reform movement to renew faith
Denomination
38
What is the ultimate result of a reform movement to renew faith?
A church
39
What are some defining characteristics of a church?
- Religious monopoly
- Close ally with the state and secular powers
- Hierarchical bureaucratic institution
- Professional clergy
- Ascribed status
40
- Membership is primarily ascribed
- Tolerates changing doctrine
- Follows a fairly routinized ritual and worship service
- Draws disproportionately from the middle and upper classes
Are all components of...
A denomination
41
- Fellowship of the elect
- Encourage spontaneity of religious expression
- De-emphasize organization
-Generally small
- Membership is achieved
Are all components of....
Sects
42
Schism within a church leads to the formation of____
Sects
43
T/F
Members of a church or denomination feel that there is a loss of true Christianity whenever a sect is formed
True
44
Split from the larger group and form a small sect that focuses on what?
A return to the original doctrine
45
What are some examples of sects that became denominations"?
- Methodists
- Latter-day saints
- Presbyterians
46
What are sects that remain sects called?
Institutionalized sects
47
What are some examples of institutionalized sects?
- Amish
- Mennonite groups
- Quakers
48
A group without much internal discipline and loose-knit structure
Cult
49
NRM
New Religious Movement
50
4 main things a New religious movement does
1. ) Rejects the religious patterns and formulations of denominations
2. ) Emphasizes the new ( a new revelation or insight)
3. ) Deliberately contrast themselves with dominant traditional religious groups
4. ) Strong indivdualistic emphasis
51
A population of humans distinguished from other populations
Race
52
T/F
The most widely used racial categories are based on personality traits
False- visible
53
Rooted in the idea of societal groups
Ethnicity
54
Ethnicity is most often marked by...
- Shared nationality
- Tribal affiliation
- Religious faith
- Shared language
55
Religion can be one of _____ that shapes ethnicity
Factors
56
What are four components of Hammond and Warner's view of the relationship between race and ethnicity
1. ) Ethnic fusion
2. ) Ethnic religion
3. ) Religious ethnicity
4. ) Not given a name
57
Four _____ groups that strongly influenced the Political- Cultural environment in the US
Protestant
58
What Protestant group came to the US in the first wave?
Puritans
59
What Protestant group came to the US in the second wave?
Church of England
60
What Protestant group came to the US in the third wave?
Society of Friends & Quakers
61
What Protestant group came to the US in the fourth wave?
Scots-Irish
62
What sentiment was intertwined with ethnic animosity?
Anti-catholic
63
T/F
There are no negative stereotypes of Catholics
False
64
When was there an anti-immigration act that halted a lot fo Catholic immigration?
1924
65
Manifestation of a belief structure of perpetual optimism and the ability to recover from adversity (belief in a better day)
Romona Denby
66
Who was Robert Hill?
A prevalent mechanism for survival and advancement throughout Blacks' history in America
67
What are the three prominent features of contemporary African American Churches?
1. ) Class composition
2. ) Gender composition
3. ) Leadership
68
What percentages of the class composition of contemporary African American Churches is comprised of middle and working class?
60%
69
T/F
In regards to gender composition half of all AA churches have 75% female membership
True
70
What percentage of leadership in contemporary AA churches is male?
91%
71
1. ) Preserves heritage
2. ) Agent for Reform
3. ) Economy
4. ) Education/job training
Institutional Impacts
72
What is found in most Black communities?
Central Institutional Presence
73
What are the top 5 denominations of AA churches?
1. ) National Baptist Convention
2. ) National Baptist Convention of America
3. ) Church of God in Christ (COGIC)
4. ) African Methodist Episcopal
5. ) African Methodist Episcopal Zion
74
What is the largest organized religion in the US?
Christianity
75
What are the three main branches of Christianity?
1. ) Protestant
2. ) Catholic
3. ) Orthodox
76
What are the 2 key social structural preconditions for denominationalism to flourish?
1. ) Religious disestablishment
| 2. ) Religious freedom
77
What are 4 reasons behind there being so many denominations?
1. ) Theological differences and disputes
2. ) Race
3. ) Immigration
4. ) Theological innovations
78
What are 3 groups beyond denominations?
1. ) Transdenominational evangelicalism
2. ) Nondenomenationalism
3. ) Paradenominational groups
79
A movement that really began with the founding of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1942
Transdenominational Evangelicalism
80
What are transdenominational evangelicalism churches mainly composed of?
Parachurch agencies
81
Nondenomenationalism
Largest category of faith community in terms of affiliation
82
T/F
Nondenomenationalism tends to be evangelical and tends to have younger members
True
83
People of diverse religious affiliations that band together to address some problem or provide some service
Paradenominational groups
84
Church Polity
Authority structure of the congregation
85
What are the 3 types of polity?
1. ) Episcopal
2. ) Presbyterian
3. ) Congregational
86
Which form of polity leads by one official?
Episcopal
87
This form of polity leads by an elected group of officials or elders
Presbyterian
88
Congregational polity
Authortiy lies with the members of the congregation decisions are made by a vote of all members
89
What are the two main developments in church growth?
1. ) Mainline churches are declining in membership
| 2. ) Conservative churches are growing
90
What two categories of factors affect church growth?
1. ) Contextual
| 2. ) Institutional
91
Which factor of church growth...
- describes the community where the congregation is located
- and is not controlled by the congregation
Contextual
92
Which factor of growth...
- is specific to each particular congregation
- and includes evangelism, theology, denominational policy etc
Institutional
93
Who found that certain marketing techniques correlated with church growth?
McDaniel
94
What are the two institutional factors?
1. ) Recruitment
| 2. ) Strictness
95
In regards to the institutional factor of strictness Kelley attributes...
Growth to a church's level of strictness
96
Benefits of belonging outweigh the costs
Rational Choice Theory
97
What are 2 costs of a strict church?
1. ) Lots of rules to live by
| 2. ) Requires changes in lifestyle
98
What are 2 benefits of a strict church?
1. ) Absolute truth
| 2. ) Guarantees of eternal life
99
Approximately how many megachurches are there in the US
1200
100
- Deliberate about marketing
- Tend to grow quickly
- More focused on the delivery of the message than reforming the message
Seeker churches
101
What are 5 of the 12 features of seeker churches?
1. ) Majority of members born after 1945
2. ) Informal dress
3. ) Tolerance of different personal styles
4. ) Worship is contemporary
5. ) Extensive small group ministires
102
Who was the first sociologist to write extensively on the importance of charismatic leadership?
Max Weber
103
Who observed some 50+ years ago that religion is the most racially segregated institution in American society?
Martin Luther King Jr.
104
Which theory or theology would argue that religion and social class work together and can work to encourage social class?
Functionalist theory
105
According to your lecture notes which theory or theology support alienation and exploitation?
Conflict theory
106
Which of the following is a characteristic of a sect?
A.) Encourage spontaneity of religious expression
B.) De-emphasize organization
C.) Emphasizes purity of doctrine and traditional ethics
D.) Generally small
E.) All of the above
E
107
What is another name for "routinization of charisma"?
Institutionalization
108
Which of the following is a characteristic of a church?
A.) Professional clergy
B.) Religious monopoly
C.) Close ally with the state and secular powers
D.) Hierarchical bureaucratic institution
E.) All of the above
E
109
Which of the following is a characteristic of a denomination?
A.) Membership is not ascribed
B.) Recognizes that members have commitments to other affiliations
C.) Unfriendly relationship with other denominations
D.) No clergy
B
110
Which of the following is part of the prosperity gospel?
A.) Jmaes 4:2
B.) Galations 14:3
C.) John 1:2
D.) Revelations
A
111
What is not discussed by Hammond and Warner?
Religious diversity
112
T/F
Sunday morning is one of the most racially segregated times of the week in America
True
113
T/F
A group without much internal discipline and loose knit structure is a NRM
True
114
T/F
All sects become denominations over time
False
115
T/F
If the religious movement is to survive for any significant period of time a stable set of roles and statuses must be established and a consistent pattern of norms generated and practiced
True
116
T/F
The priestly theology refers to today and now
True
117
T/F
Disaffiliation is when you come back to a church
False
118
T/F
Religion can be one of the factors that shapes ethnicity
True
119
T/F
There is a strong correlation between racial identity and religious preference
True
120
T/F
Liberal and moderate churches retain members as well as most conservative churches
False
121
Define the prosperity gospel
God blesses us for our faith with material possessions. Wealth is a sign of God's blessing
122
What are the functions of religion in society that relate religion and class?
Community, societal order, moral center, socialization to rules/norms of society and sense of meaning
123
Name 4 problems of charismatic leadership
1. ) People focus more on the leader than the message
2. ) Blindly devoted to one person
3. ) Opportunity for corruption
4. ) No clear chain of succession
124
Conservative churches grow because of what 2 factors?
1. ) Recruits from other evangelical or fundamentalist groups
2. ) High fertility rate in conservative churches
125
What is the difference between alienation and exploitation?
Alienation - religion is a spiritual response to a condition of alienation
Exploitation - religion served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others
126
How did religious and political leaders use Protestant Christianity to counter fears of communism, Catholics and the national insecurities of the time?
Leaders connected religion to patriotism and they present it as the Christians versus communism. Leader merged religion into politics in a way that gave people hope
