Test 2 389 Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
Hypothermia
A
core temperature below 35 degrees celsius or 95 degrees fahrenheit
2
Q
temperature at homeostasis
A
37 degrees celsius
98.6 degrees farenheit
3
Q
2 degrees celsius drop from 35 degrees C is associated with what condition?
A
maximal shivering
4
Q
4 degrees C drop from 35 is associeted with
A
ataxia and apathy
5
Q
ataxia
A
unctrlled muscular contraction
6
Q
apathy
A
know something is wrong, but don’t care
7
Q
6 degree drop from 35 C associated with
A
unconsciousness
8
Q
drop greater 6 degrees C from 35 is
A
ventricular fibrillation, reduced brain blood flow, asystole, and death
9
Q
asystole
A
no contraction= death
10
Q
What four conditions occur when heat loss exceeds production?
A
Conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation
11
Q
4 main reasons for heat loss
A
Temperature
Vapor Pressure
Wind
Water Immersion
12
Q
Temp as factor for heat loss
A
gradient for convective heat loss, difference in temp so heat will go from hot to cold (heat rises)
13
Q
Vapor pressure does what?
A
low water vapor pressure encourages evaporation
dry= increase heat loss & evaporation
14
Q
Wind is example of what property
A
convection proptery
15
Q
Winds impact on heat loss
A
rate of heat loss influenced by wind speed
16
Q
wind speed encourages
A
evaporation so increasing heat loss
17
Q
Water immersion rate of heat loss is .. ..
How come??
A
25x greater than air @ same temp because water is a better conductor and is denser, so temp is dispersed better onto body and constantly transferring heat faster
18
Q
Hypothermia is influenced by
A
natural and added insulation, environmental temp, vapor pressure, wind, water immersion and heat production
19
Q
Wind chill index describes how??
A
wind lowers the effective temperature at the skin such that convective heat loss is greater than what it would be in calm air at same temp
20
Q
Water causes heat to . . . ?
A
be lost by convection twenty-five times faster than it would be by exposure to air of the same temperature
21
Q
3 insulating factors
A
subcutaneous fat
clothing
amount of insulation required is lower during exs
22
Q
Subcutaneous fat
A
great insulator, not great heat transfer/loss
especially effective in cold water
23
Q
clothing is measured how and what does that measurement equate to?
A
1 clo unit= insulation needed to maintain core temp at rest at 21 degrees celsius, 50%RH and 6 m/min winds
24
Q
RH
A
relative humidity
25
what does increased clo units mean?
if colder than 21 deg C, more human than 50%RH, and faster than 6m/min, the number of clo units will increase
26
As temp & activity increase, blank happens
clo units requirements decrease
27
How does body produce heat (heat production)?
Heat production from shivering increases upon exposure to cold
28
What is shivering
shivering is small muscle contractions to generate heat so ATP is breaking down making more heat
29
Shivering effect on o2 consumption? (VO2)
Earlier onset of shivering in lean men, VO2 increases
30
Fuel used for heat production
CHO and lipid, how much depends on intensity of shivering , type of diet, and muscle fiber type, and you can deplete glycogen
31
what determines fuel person used?
how trained person is and intensity of exs
32
Heavy exercise fuel used
carbs
33
light intensity
lipids
34
Fuel used for heat production
CHO and lipid, how much depends on intensity of shivering , type of diet, and muscle fiber type, and you can deplete glycogen
35
what determines fuel person used?
how trained person is and intensity of exs
36
Heavy exercise fuel used
carbs
37
light intensity
lipids
38
Characterisctics influencing responses to cold exposure
Gender and age
39
Genders influence to cold exposure response
At rest, women show faster reduction in body temperature then men since females have more subcutaneous fat so they have more surface so heat dissapates more anthropometry
40
Where is decrease in body temp similar in the both genders
in cold water
41
what age are people less tolerant to cold?
greater than 60 yrs old
42
Why do children experience faster fall in body temp?
faster metabolism so catabolism and anabolism is faster when cold, heat produced increase so more heat is given off/ loss
43
What is the primary natural insulation and is very effective in preventing rapid heat loss when a person is exposed to cold water ?
subcutaneous fat
44
Three common effects of hypothermia?
reduced coordination
slurred speech
impaired judgement
45
Treatment of hypothermia
```
Get person out of cold, wind, and rain
Remove all well clothing
provide warm drinks and dry clothes
put person into sleeping bag, and w/ person if semiconsous
Find them a source of heat
```
46
Hyperthermia
elevated body temperature
47
4 heat related issues from less severe to very dangerous
Heat syncope
Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke
48
Heat stroke
Medical emergency cuz person cannot regulate body temp, and the person may slip into a coma and die, can cool them down with conduction via ice bath, but too fast can lead to cardiac arrest
49
Treatment of hyperthermia
cold water immersion
50
When evironment is hot and humid
person cant sweat as much
51
Factors related to heat injury
fitness, sweat rate, and acclimatization
52
does higher fitness lower heat loss injury? why ??
Higher fitness lowers risk of heat injury since they will tolerate more work in heat, acclimatize faster, and sweat more. Fat people sweat less due to more insulation so they cannot cool down their body temp as well.
53
How does acclimatization happen?
10-14 days
low intensity, long duration
mod intensity, short duration
This will lower body temp and HR response and is best protection against heat stroke and exhaustion
54
WBGT
composite of temp, humidity, and solar radiation
55
dry bulb temp (T db)
air temp in shade, protected from humidity
56
black globe temp (T g)
radiant heat load in direct sunlight, black ball aborbs it
57
Wet bulb temp (T wb)
Humidity
index of ability to wick/absorb sweat
Most vital in determining overall heat stress (70% of total WBGT)
58
WBGT formula
WBGT= .7Twb + .2 Tg + .1Tdb
59
Increased dryness in air does what?
decreased temp and increase evaporation since more water will be picked, and will make WBGT decrease
60
Risk of heat stress depends on
WBGT
61
How does Twb work?
material/wick is in contact with both water and thermometer, air flows over the thermometer, evaporating water, the drier the air, the more water evaporates, and makes a cooler temperature
62
WBGT less than or equal to 50.0 degrees F
risk of hypothermia
63
WBGT 50-65 degress F
low risk of hypo- and hyperthermia
64
WBGT 65.1-72 F
caution: moderate risk of heat illness
65
WBGT 72.1-78 F
extreme caution: risk of hyperthermia increased for all
66
WBGT 78.1-82 F
extreme caution high risk for unfit, non-acclimatized ppl
67
WBGT greater than 82
Extreme risk of hyperthermia; cancel or postpone event, and is next to impossible to dissipate heat
68
of the WBGT variables what is the most important factor in determining overall heat stress?
water vapor pressure via Twb/ wet globe temp
69
WHAT decreases at higher altitude?
atmospheric pressure
70
Partial Pressure and altitude relationship
Same percentages of O2, CO2, N2 in air
| Lower Pp of 02, CO2, N2
71
Hypoxia is not
hypoxemia,
72
Hypoxia defin
Low PO2 (altiude)
73
Normoxia
Normal P02 at sea level
74
Hyperoxia
Higher P02 like in hyperbaric chamber that is 100% oxyegn
75
Effect of Altitude on Performance short-term anaerobic performance
lower PO2 at altitude: little effect on performance
76
Why little improvement in Effect of Altitude on Performance short-term anaerobic performance?
Improves some due to lower air resistance depending on sports such as javelin, football kicker...
77
Effect of Altitude on Performance long-term aerobic performance and whY?
Lower PO2 results in poorer aerobic performance since they are not getting enough oxygen
78
What four components of the evironment decrease with altitude?
atmospheric pressure, PO2, air temp, and air density
79
The lower air density at altitude offers blank to high-speed movement (anaerobic), blank, and endurance blank blank.
The lower air density at altitude offers less resistance to high-speed movement, sprint performances are either not affected or are improved, and endurance performances decrease.
80
Decreased VO2max at higher altitude due to what?
lower o2 extraction, decreased arterial PO2, fall in maximal Q due to decreased HRmax and SV max at altitude
81
Decreased arterial PO2 what altitude?
moderate altitudes (4,000 m)
82
Fall in maximum cardiac output (Q) what height?
higher altitudes (6,000 m)q
83
Why Fall in maximum cardiac output (Q)?
Decreased maximal HR, SV at altitude
84
Elicits higher heart rate. . .why?
lower O2 content in arterial blood
85
Requires higher ventilation. . .why?
reduced # of O2 molecules per L of air
86
Adaptation to High Altitude
Production of more red blood cells
Lifetime altitude residents
In those recently arriving at altitude
87
Why is Production of more red blood cells an Adaptation to High Altitude?
Higher hemoglobin concentration via EPO
| Counters desaturation caused by lower PO2
88
Where are adaptations less complete due to high altitude?
In those recently arriving at altitude
89
Have complete adaptations in arterial oxygen content and VO2 max
Lifetime altitude residents
90
Training for Competition at Altitude 3 things
Effect of training at altitude on VO2 max varies among athletes
Some athletes can improve VO2 max by training at altitude, others cannot
Some athletes have lower VO2 max upon return to low altitude, while others do not
91
Effect of training at altitude on VO2 max varies among athletes depends on what?
Due to degree of saturation of hemoglobin
92
Neuroendocrine system
Endocrine and nervous system working together
93
Endocrine sys releases
hormones
94
Nervous system uses
neurotransmitters
95
Endocrine glands release what how into what?
release hormones directly into the blood
96
Hormones do what to tissues
Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind (very specific)
97
Several classes of hormones based on chemical makeup?
Amino Acid derivatives
peptides/protein
steroids
98
What is blood hormone concentration ?
The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the plasma concentration
99
4 determinators of blood hormone concentration
Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland
Rate of Metabolism or excitation of hormone
Qty of transport protein
Changes in plasma volume
100
What impacts rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland? (2 things)
magnitude of input (chemicals)
| stimulatory versus inhibitory inputs
101
Rate of metabolism or excitation of hormone is ctrlled by?
at the receptors and by the liver and kidneys
102
Qty of transport protein
steroid hormones
103
Factors that influence secretion of hormones . . .?
tba
104
Hormone-Receptor Interactions
Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors
105
What is magnitude of effect dependent on?
[hormone]
# of receptors on the cell
affinity of the receptor for the hormone
106
Down-regulation
decrease in receptor # in response to high [h]
107
up-reg
increase in receptor # in response to low [h]
108
4 MOHA
Altering membrane transport
Tyrosine Kinase
Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis
Activating second msgers via G proteins
109
example of altering membrane transport
insulin
110
Tyrosine kinase example
insulin and GH
111
altering activity of DNA to modify PS
roids hormones
112
Second messergers
cAMP
Ca++
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
diacylglycerol (DAG)
113
Vitamin D is really what?
steroid hormone
114
Roid hormones have ability to do what?
ability to pass through cell membrane and nuclear membrane
115
cAMP
its cAMP, not the hormone itself, that elicits the cellular response . . .. 2nd msger
116
What uses cAMP mech?
Epinephrine/adrenaline
117
Ca++, ip3, and DAG allow what?
cellular resp, not hormone directly
118
GHRH and oxytocin use this mechanism
Ca and Phospholipase C Second msger mech
119
How hormones bring about their effects?
by modifying membrane transport, activating/supressing genes to alter protein synthesis, and activating second messengers (cAMP, Ca++, ip3, and DAG)
120
What are the two primary second msger mech?
```
cAMP sys (epineph)
Ca++/IP3/DAG system (GHRH)
```
121
what are hormones secreted from?
endocrine glands
122
9 endocrine glands or secreters or organ secreter
```
Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thymus glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Testes and ovaries
adipose tissue (organ not gland)
```
123
Hypothalamus does what?
ctrls secretions from pituitary gland
124
Adenohypophysis/anterior pit gland secretes what 7 hormones?
```
ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
GH
Prolactin
```
125
Posterior pit gland secretes what 2 hormones?
oxytocin
| ADH
126
hypothalamus stimulates
release of hormones from the adenohypophysis gland called releasing factors or hormones
127
hypothalamus provides
hormones for release from neurohypophysis gland, and these are hormones directly from the hypothalamus
128
ACTH stimulates
cortisol release from adrenal glands
129
FSH regulates
reproductive cell production in men and women
130
LH stimulates
production of testosterone and estrogen
131
MSH
produce and release melanin in skin and hair
132
TSH
controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland
133
prolactin
milk poduction
134
GH stimulates
release of IGFs
135
IGF-1 in muscle is responsible for
muscle growth
136
GH three apsects
stimulates release of IGFs
Essential growth of all tissues
spares plasma glucose
137
Essential growth of all tissues via GH two things that
Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
| long bone growth
138
how does GH spare plasma glucose?
reduces the use of plasma glucose
increases gluconeogenesis
mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue
139
GH increases
protein synth in muscle and long bone growth
140
GH is used to treat what ?
treat childhood dwarfism and used by elderly and athletes for strength
141
GH has more what tthan what
adverse effect than benefits such as acromegaly
142
GH release during EXS
increases during EXS to mobilize FFA from adipose tissue and to aid in maintenance of blood glucose
143
ADH does what?
Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume
144
ADH favors
reabsorption of h2o from kidney tubules to capillaies
145
ADH release stimulated by and why?
low plasma volume due to sweat loss without replacement of water
146
ADH increases during
EXS to maintain plasma volume
147
Thyroid gland is stimulated by?
TSH
148
What est metabolic rate?
T3 and T4
149
permisive hormones
permit full effect of other hormones (catecholamines) by increasing # of receptors on tissue
150
calitonin regulates what? blocks?
Ca++ and blocks release from bone, stimulates excretion by kidneys
151
PTH is what?
primary hormone in plasma Ca++ regulation
152
PTH stimulates release from?
bone, stimulates reabsorption by kidneys
153
PTH converts what?
vit D into steroid hormone form to increase Ca absoprtion from gut
154
Adrenal Medulla secretes
catecholamines E ad NE
155
Catecholamines characteristics
fast-acting hormones
part of fight or flight response
E is primary secretion (80%)
156
Catecholmines bind to
adrenergic receptors
157
Catecholamine effects depnd on?
hormone used and receptor type, but generally ready body for exs (increase HR, FFA mobilization)
158
catecholamines use what mech
2nd msger mech
159
Mineralcorticods include? do?
aldosterone
| maintenance of plasm Na+ and K+
160
glucocorticoids
cortisol
| regulation of plasma glucose
161
sex roids
androgens and estrogens
| support prepubescent growth
162
Aldosterone
Control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion (Na/H2o ballance)
Regulation of blood volume and bp
163
Aldosterone is stimulated by what?
increased [K+]
| decreased plasma volume
164
Cortisol maintains
maintenance of plasm glucose
165
Cortisol promotes what
protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis
166
cortisol stimulates
FFA mobilization and glucose release (glycogen breakdwn)
167
cortisol blocks
uptake of glucose into cell by promoting the use of FFA as fuel
168
cortisol is stimulated by what through what and is part of blank?
stimulated by stress via ACTH such as exercise, and is part of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
169
GAS
Allows immunity maintenance in prolonged bouts of stress, but can fatigue itself allowing immunity depression
170
GAS alarm/resistnace phase role of cortisol
cortisol also released (to allow blood glucose maintenance)
171
Adrenal gland has 2 components called
medulla (inside) and cortex (outside)
172
Medulla secretes
fight or flight hormones and bind to adrenergic receptors
173
cortex secretes
androgenic hormones, aldosterone, andcortisol
174
cortisol is called what as well?
stress hormone
175
Adipose tissue
In addition to storing triglycerides, it also secretes hormones
176
2 hormones secreted by adipose tissue
Leptin and adiponectin
177
hight amounts of the hormone leptin is seen in people that are ?
obese individuals
178
Leptin directs
excess kcals into adipose tissue (protects muscle cells)
179
Adiponectin is seen in what ppl?
Lean ppl
180
Adiponectin increase what?
insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation (decreases fat storage)
181
With increased fat mass/obesity? leads to what
High leptin levels and lower adiponectin (leptin resistant)
| Leads to type 2 DM and low-grade inflamation
182
Obesity leads to how?
inflamation due to increased leptin and other inflamatory markers and decreased adiponectin
183
Pancreas has 2 functions what are these mofo?
exocrine and endocrine functions
184
pancreas secretes
Insulin from Beta cells AND glucogan from alpha cells
185
Insulin promotes
storage of glucose, AA, and fats
186
lack of insulin is called ?
DM
187
glucagon promotes
mobilization FFA and glucose
188
Insulin promotes storage of _____, or
nutrients or synthesis of glycogen (anabolism), muslce protein
189
Glucagon promotes ________ of
breakdown/ catabolism of stored fuels (glycogen, triglycerides, protein)
190
1) Of the four levels of heat illness, ________________________ is the one that is most life-threatening. When this occurs, the best way to cool the patient is to do what?
heat stroke
| cold water immersion via ice bath to lower body temperature
191
2) Circle the correct choice for each instance: When you acclimatize to exercising in the heat, you should exercise either at low/moderate intensity for a short/long duration, or low/moderate intensity for a short/long duration.
low long
| moderate short
192
3) Clothing will increase/decrease body temperature during exercise, and it will increase/decrease the amount of time to cool back to homeostasis during recovery.
increase
| increase
193
4) Write the formula for the WBGT heat index temperature below, and circle the factor that contributes most:
WBGT=.7Twb + .2Tg + .1 Tdb
194
5) When air is dry, the wet bulb temperature will be high/low because the amount of water evaporating from the wick will be large/small.
loe
| large
195
6) A low atmospheric PO2 condition is known as ___________________. This has a ___________________ effect on anaerobic performance, and a _____________________effect on aerobic performance.
hypoxia
favorable
unfavorable
196
7) Performing submaximal exercise at altitude causes heart rate and pulmonary ventilation to ____________________ compared to the same intensity at sea level. Both effects are due to the low __________________ at altitude.
Increase
| Oxygen
197
8) One can acclimatize to a hypoxic condition. What occurs is the body will secrete more of the hormone _____________ so that more _____________________ will be produced.
EPO
| RBC
198
9) The advantage of the “Live high, train low” premise is that by living high, you can produce more ____________________, and then use them when you train low, when you can maintain the training _________________ needed to prepare for competition.
RBCs
| velocity/intensity
199
10) On the summit of Mt. Everest, your VO2max is approximately _______ mL/kg/min. Successful climbers have a high capacity for _____________________, which increases/decreases acidity.
15
| hyperventilation
200
1) Hormones released from endocrine glands are releases directly into the _________________. These hormones will bind to ___________________ found in or on the cells of target tissues.
tba
201
2) The strength of the effect of a hormone is largely determined by the ____________________ of the hormone in the blood plasma, which can be determined by the rate __________________ of the hormone from endocrine glands.
tba
202
3) Downregulation refers specifically to the increase/decrease of hormone receptors in response to high/low concentration of the hormone.
tba
203
1) Upregulation refers specifically to the increase/decrease of hormone receptors in response to high/low concentration of the hormone.
tba
204
2) When insulin is secreted, it will bind to the ___________ subunit of its receptor, which is named _____________________________. When the binding occurs, it will cause the __________ subunit to add ___________________ to itself.
tba
205
3) Continuing from #5, the activated receptor will cause a cascade of signaling events in the cell, which will cause vesicles containing ______________ to move to the cell membrane to allow ___________________ to enter the cell.
tba
206
4) Steroid hormones exert their action by moving through the cell all the way into the ___________________. There, they will interact with the ___________ , which will result in synthesis of _________________.
tba
207
5) When epinephrine binds to its receptor in skeletal muscle tissue, it will activate _______________ embedded in the cell membrane. This then activates _______________ in the membrane, which will convert ATP in the cell into a molecule of ______________. This process will end when the enzyme _______________________ is activated.
tba
208
6) When growth hormone-releasing hormone binds to its receptor, after the G protein is activated, it will activate _____________ channels in the membrane, which will increase cytoplasmic __________________ levels. This will activate a protein called __________________, which will then activate a protein to cause the cellular response.
tba
209
7) Continuing from #9, the activated G protein can also activate a membrane protein called ___________________, which will act on a molecule known as _______________________. This molecule will split into two molecules, _______________________ and ______________.
tba
210
In alarm/resistance phase of GAS what happens?
```
ER
RI
AS
VC
DS
PD
MC
HRI
AD
And cortisol released to allow blood glucose maintainence
```
