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History Of Psych > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Radical skepticism vs common sense

A

After British Empiricism, argument over doubting everything or believing in common beliefs of the self and innate ideas

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2
Q

Radical Skepticism

A

Doubting, self and existence
Descartes
Berkeley
Hume

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3
Q

Descartes

A 
1600s
Automatons-robots
explain universe mechanically
Skeptic
Some ideas are innate 
Mind-body: Dualist, interactionism 
Doubted, everything except, I think therefore I am
Cartesian Dualism-hydraulic system, pineal gland
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4
Q

Berkeley

A

1700s
Skeptic
metaphysics theory-nothing exists until perceived
Not sure if reality existed, virtual reality
Thought experiment to test if perception is learned-blind child, fix as adult, somewhat supported his theory
Mindy-body-only spirit
Nurture: even perception has to be learned-baby reaching. associates movement with toy Tested by Thorndike with chicks on chairs, proven wrong. Eleanor Gibson also proved wrong, baby room-> Visual cliff

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5
Q

Hume

A

1700s
Skeptic
Correlation doesn’t exist, only see events consistently associated in time and space
Critique of self: nothing stable, just continuous stream of consciousness. no self, just experiencer

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6
Q

Common sense

A

originated by Reid 1700s

Everyone convinced that we exist then we do

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7
Q

Reid

A

1700s
started common sense school of thought
if most people believe we exist then we do
We don’t learn how to perceive, just perceive whole object

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8
Q

Kant

A

late 1700s
Common sense camp and nature camp
Some truths known with certainty (time, 3D, cause and effect, quant and qual)
Mind adds organization to sensory info

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9
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Psych Controversy: innate genes or environment and learning
nativism vs empiricism
Hereditianism vs environmentalism
Galton started phrase

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10
Q

Empiricism

A

belief that everything is derived from sense-experience. Locke, Berkeley, Hume

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11
Q

Plato

A

favored nature

born with knowledge, corrupted by sense, must use reason

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12
Q

Locke

A

brought back Democritu’s theory about atoms,
Atomic theory, bind together
Mental atoms
Against Descartes’ idea of innate ideas
Nurture: Tabula Rosa. knowledge comes from sensory
but mental abilities are innate

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13
Q

Gottfried von Leibniz

A

1600s
All nature
For Mind-body: Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism. both exist but no influence.
Discovered unconscious
Nothing from sensory
Prepotent learning-sensory experiences releases what was innate

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14
Q

Francis Galton

A

1800s
Heredity of intelligence?
Tested, genius heredity but needs zeal and vigor and nurtured in proper environment
Proposal to parliament about selective breeding
first psych questionnaire

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15
Q

Alphonese de Condolle

A

1800s
Critized Galton’s hereditary study
studied famous scientists

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16
Q

Galton’s proposals about intelligence and marriage

A
  1. encourage high intelligence marriages and provide incentive
  2. encourage to marry early for max kids
  3. Provide food and housing and education to nurture
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17
Q

Modern Consensus on nature vs nurture. 6 things

A

All mental and behavioral are both

  1. phylogenetic level (Sperry and vertebrate)
  2. Reflexes mostly genetic, voluntary behavior mostly learned
  3. Sensitive periods of development (Konrad Lorenz)
  4. Prepotent learning: concepts waiting to be activated by experience
  5. Gene expression are active throughout life
  6. Robot a better model than a slate
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18
Q

Mind-body problem

A 
Another Psych controversy. Most important 
mind=nonphysical, thoughts, feelings
body=physical
Solutions:
Dualists 
Spirit Only
Matter Only
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19
Q

Dualism types

A

Interactionism
Pre-established harmony/Psycho-physical parallelism
Occasionalism
Dual Aspect

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20
Q

Interactionism: Dualism

A

Both spiritual and physical exist
matter and energy particles, god, devil, soul, angels

Descartes hydraulics theory

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21
Q

Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism-Dualism

A

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Mind and body both exist but don’t influence one another
Leibniz discovered unconscious

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22
Q

Occasionalism: Dualist

A

Nicolas de Melbranche 1600s
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god

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23
Q

Nicolas de Melbranche

A

1600s
Occasionalism-dualism
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god

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24
Q

Epiphenomenalism

A

Huxley 1870s
non-causal byproduct
behavior not caused by conscious experience?

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25
Dual Aspect
Aristotle, mind and body 2 inseparable aspects of unified person wax seal
26
Idealism
Monastic Solution to mind-body, spirit only Berkeley's metaphysics Hindus and Buddhists
27
Materialism
Monastic solution to mind-body only matter exists, brain and central nervous system make the mind Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, and Hobbes
28
Julien de La Mettrie
advocate of Materialism fever causing materialism not depressing bc makes life short and meaningful
29
AI
if could build a machine that could think then idea that brain tissues can think, perceive, and feel would be more plausible Turing 1900s Turing Test Chinese room rebuttal to Turing: John Searle
30
Associationism
Mind made of sensations which are organized by associations Hartley founded, tried to make school of psych Came from british empiricism Atoms=sensations bonds=associations molecules=ideas
31
Wundt
founder of scientific psych methods: sensory neuropsych and psychophysics theories: associationism
32
David Hartley
1700s developed associationism from British Empiricism expanded on newton's vibrations, if sensation repeated, it causes permanent (but weak) vibration in mind. exposure to one idea reminds self of ohers
33
Newton
``` 1600s legend explain universe mechanically light and wavelength Sensations are vibration of atoms in our sensory nerves that transmitted to brain ```
34
Utiliarianism
founded by Jeremy Bentham late 1700s based on Hedonism (with associationism, not sure why)
35
Aristotle's Laws
Contiguity: experienced together are associated Similarity Contrasts Frequency new law: Vividness: pleasure of pain by James Mill 1800s son John Mill: an idea can have different properties than the sensations
36
Aristotle
Dual aspect theory of mind-body laws of association geocentric
37
James and John Mill
1800s father and son Law of vividness analogy with chemistry: water different than gas properties; idea can be different than sensations it is made of
38
Johann Friedrich Herbart
1800s felt Lock's theory was passive, sensations just happen to us believed similar or compatible ideas attract or repel one another Clump together in clusters, big in conscious and little in unconscious Limen=threshold between conscious and unconscious
39
Pavlov
late 1800s with associationism 1. objective way to assess associationism 2. invasive methods could be used to identify underlying brain mechanisms
40
Eric Kandel
1900s sea slug identified chemical basis for changes in learning conditioning first time memory located and physical basis explained
41
Semantic priming
cog psych experiment, primed for target word
42
Differences between Nature Philosophers and modern scientists
a. active observation b. use both inductive and deductive c. use of mathematics d. targeted and at practical applications
43
Geocentric Theory
``` Earth center of universe Aristotle Claudius Ptolemaeus 100 CE museum of Alexandria Egypt theory lasted 15 centuries epicycles explained planetary orbits ```
44
Heliocentric theory
sun is the center Aristarchus 200 BCE Nicolaus Copernicus 1500 we are moving
45
Nicolaus Copernicus
1500 heliocentric didn't account for empirical evidence, went against bible, went against common sense
46
Law of Parsimony
Ockham's razor 1300 | if theory has unnecessary assumptions, those assumptions should be gone (shaved)
47
Galileo Galilei
1500-1600 Hypothetico-Deductive Model: 6 steps, make theory, use deductive logic to make testable prediction, if wrong then reject theory saw moons orbiting planets studied gravity, weight didn't matter
48
Johannes Kepler
1600 improved heliocentric planetary orbits not perfect circles Copernicus's better than Ptolemy
49
Francis Bacon
Inductive reasoning no math or theories Only steps 1-3 of Galileo's model identify a prob, observe, use inductive logic
50
Hypothetico-Deductive Model
Galileo 1. Identify a problem 2. Make lots of observations 3. Use inductive logic to draw generalizations. 4. Tie the generalizations together into a theory, preferably, a mathematical one. 5. Use deductive logic to generate a testable prediction for an experiment. 6. If the prediction is wrong, modify or reject the theory.
51
Newton's advice to scientists- 5 things
1. Do not invoke God’s will as an explanation. 2. There are no exceptions to the laws of nature. 3. Aristotle’s final causes must be rejected. 4. Ockham’s razor is to be accepted. 5. Sometimes laws must be stated as probabilities.
52
Alcmaeon
400s bc rejected supernatural first published dissection mind in brain bc optic nerve connects there
53
Hippocrates
400s bc disease->imbalance of humors mind in brain
54
mind in brain
Alcmaeon Hippocrates Galen: boxing physician
55
mind in heart
aristotle
56
Herophilus
``` 300s bc father of anatomy first dissection of human cadevers distinguished: nerves from vessels Cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum ``` Parts of the eye
57
Erasistratus
``` 200s under Hero... Size of cerebellum = speed of running Complex convolutions = intelligence (Gyrus = bump, sulcus = groove) ```
58
Galen
100 ce infallible for 13 centuries dissected animals sports physician -> brain and behavior
59
Nemesius
400s AD | Ventricular localization theory
60
Ventricular Localization Theory
``` Nemesius Anterior Ventricle = Sensation Middle Ventricle = Cognition/Intellect Posterior Ventricle = Memory Serial processing of sensory information ```
61
Ibn Sina
``` 1000 ce experiments faculty psych->phrenology corrected Galen's mistakes love sickness and polygraph ```
62
da Vinci
1400-1500s | Human dissections
63
Andreas Vesalius
1500s helped launch scientific revolution first anatomy book with figures and tables performed dissections
64
Thomas Willis
1600s | rejected localization
65
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
later 1800-1900 Golgi stain neuron theory nervous system not continuous
66
Korbinian Brodmann
1800-1900 connected to Mr. Alzheimer divided cortex into regions and numbered them
67
Age of Enlightenment
Reacting against Descarte's innate ideas | led to assoicationism
68
Thomas Hobbes
``` Founder of Brit Empiricism nothing exists except matter Descartes wrong, no soul free will an illusion imagery, memory, and dreams ```

History Of Psych (6 decks)

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