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History Of Psych > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Radical skepticism vs common sense

A

After British Empiricism, argument over doubting everything or believing in common beliefs of the self and innate ideas

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2
Q

Radical Skepticism

A

Doubting, self and existence
Descartes
Berkeley
Hume

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3
Q

Descartes

A 
1600s
Automatons-robots
explain universe mechanically
Skeptic
Some ideas are innate 
Mind-body: Dualist, interactionism 
Doubted, everything except, I think therefore I am
Cartesian Dualism-hydraulic system, pineal gland
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4
Q

Berkeley

A

1700s
Skeptic
metaphysics theory-nothing exists until perceived
Not sure if reality existed, virtual reality
Thought experiment to test if perception is learned-blind child, fix as adult, somewhat supported his theory
Mindy-body-only spirit
Nurture: even perception has to be learned-baby reaching. associates movement with toy Tested by Thorndike with chicks on chairs, proven wrong. Eleanor Gibson also proved wrong, baby room-> Visual cliff

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5
Q

Hume

A

1700s
Skeptic
Correlation doesn’t exist, only see events consistently associated in time and space
Critique of self: nothing stable, just continuous stream of consciousness. no self, just experiencer

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6
Q

Common sense

A

originated by Reid 1700s

Everyone convinced that we exist then we do

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7
Q

Reid

A

1700s
started common sense school of thought
if most people believe we exist then we do
We don’t learn how to perceive, just perceive whole object

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8
Q

Kant

A

late 1700s
Common sense camp and nature camp
Some truths known with certainty (time, 3D, cause and effect, quant and qual)
Mind adds organization to sensory info

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9
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Psych Controversy: innate genes or environment and learning
nativism vs empiricism
Hereditianism vs environmentalism
Galton started phrase

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10
Q

Empiricism

A

belief that everything is derived from sense-experience. Locke, Berkeley, Hume

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11
Q

Plato

A

favored nature

born with knowledge, corrupted by sense, must use reason

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12
Q

Locke

A

brought back Democritu’s theory about atoms,
Atomic theory, bind together
Mental atoms
Against Descartes’ idea of innate ideas
Nurture: Tabula Rosa. knowledge comes from sensory
but mental abilities are innate

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13
Q

Gottfried von Leibniz

A

1600s
All nature
For Mind-body: Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism. both exist but no influence.
Discovered unconscious
Nothing from sensory
Prepotent learning-sensory experiences releases what was innate

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14
Q

Francis Galton

A

1800s
Heredity of intelligence?
Tested, genius heredity but needs zeal and vigor and nurtured in proper environment
Proposal to parliament about selective breeding
first psych questionnaire

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15
Q

Alphonese de Condolle

A

1800s
Critized Galton’s hereditary study
studied famous scientists

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16
Q

Galton’s proposals about intelligence and marriage

A
  1. encourage high intelligence marriages and provide incentive
  2. encourage to marry early for max kids
  3. Provide food and housing and education to nurture
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17
Q

Modern Consensus on nature vs nurture. 6 things

A

All mental and behavioral are both

  1. phylogenetic level (Sperry and vertebrate)
  2. Reflexes mostly genetic, voluntary behavior mostly learned
  3. Sensitive periods of development (Konrad Lorenz)
  4. Prepotent learning: concepts waiting to be activated by experience
  5. Gene expression are active throughout life
  6. Robot a better model than a slate
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18
Q

Mind-body problem

A 
Another Psych controversy. Most important 
mind=nonphysical, thoughts, feelings
body=physical
Solutions:
Dualists 
Spirit Only
Matter Only
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19
Q

Dualism types

A

Interactionism
Pre-established harmony/Psycho-physical parallelism
Occasionalism
Dual Aspect

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20
Q

Interactionism: Dualism

A

Both spiritual and physical exist
matter and energy particles, god, devil, soul, angels

Descartes hydraulics theory

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21
Q

Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism-Dualism

A

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Mind and body both exist but don’t influence one another
Leibniz discovered unconscious

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22
Q

Occasionalism: Dualist

A

Nicolas de Melbranche 1600s
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god

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23
Q

Nicolas de Melbranche

A

1600s
Occasionalism-dualism
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god

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24
Q

Epiphenomenalism

A

Huxley 1870s
non-causal byproduct
behavior not caused by conscious experience?

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25
Q

Dual Aspect

A

Aristotle, mind and body 2 inseparable aspects of unified person
wax seal

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26
Q

Idealism

A

Monastic Solution to mind-body, spirit only
Berkeley’s metaphysics
Hindus and Buddhists

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27
Q

Materialism

A

Monastic solution to mind-body
only matter exists, brain and central nervous system make the mind
Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, and Hobbes

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28
Q

Julien de La Mettrie

A

advocate of Materialism
fever causing
materialism not depressing bc makes life short and meaningful

29
Q

AI

A

if could build a machine that could think then idea that brain tissues can think, perceive, and feel would be more plausible

Turing 1900s Turing Test

Chinese room rebuttal to Turing: John Searle

30
Q

Associationism

A

Mind made of sensations which are organized by associations

Hartley founded, tried to make school of psych

Came from british empiricism
Atoms=sensations
bonds=associations
molecules=ideas

31
Q

Wundt

A

founder of scientific psych

methods: sensory neuropsych and psychophysics
theories: associationism

32
Q

David Hartley

A

1700s
developed associationism from British Empiricism
expanded on newton’s vibrations, if sensation repeated, it causes permanent (but weak) vibration in mind. exposure to one idea reminds self of ohers

33
Q

Newton

A 
1600s
legend
explain universe mechanically
light and wavelength
Sensations are vibration of atoms in our sensory nerves that transmitted to brain
34
Q

Utiliarianism

A

founded by Jeremy Bentham late 1700s
based on Hedonism
(with associationism, not sure why)

35
Q

Aristotle’s Laws

A

Contiguity: experienced together are associated
Similarity
Contrasts
Frequency

new law: Vividness: pleasure of pain by James Mill 1800s
son John Mill: an idea can have different properties than the sensations

36
Q

Aristotle

A

Dual aspect theory of mind-body
laws of association
geocentric

37
Q

James and John Mill

A

1800s
father and son
Law of vividness
analogy with chemistry: water different than gas properties; idea can be different than sensations it is made of

38
Q

Johann Friedrich Herbart

A

1800s
felt Lock’s theory was passive, sensations just happen to us

believed similar or compatible ideas attract or repel one another

Clump together in clusters, big in conscious and little in unconscious

Limen=threshold between conscious and unconscious

39
Q

Pavlov

A

late 1800s
with associationism
1. objective way to assess associationism
2. invasive methods could be used to identify underlying brain mechanisms

40
Q

Eric Kandel

A

1900s
sea slug
identified chemical basis for changes in learning conditioning

first time memory located and physical basis explained

41
Q

Semantic priming

A

cog psych experiment, primed for target word

42
Q

Differences between Nature Philosophers and modern scientists

A

a. active observation
b. use both inductive and deductive
c. use of mathematics
d. targeted and at practical applications

43
Q

Geocentric Theory

A 
Earth center of universe 
Aristotle
Claudius Ptolemaeus 100 CE
museum of Alexandria Egypt
theory lasted 15 centuries 
epicycles explained planetary orbits
44
Q

Heliocentric theory

A

sun is the center
Aristarchus 200 BCE
Nicolaus Copernicus 1500
we are moving

45
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

1500 heliocentric

didn’t account for empirical evidence, went against bible, went against common sense

46
Q

Law of Parsimony

A

Ockham’s razor 1300

if theory has unnecessary assumptions, those assumptions should be gone (shaved)

47
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

1500-1600
Hypothetico-Deductive Model: 6 steps, make theory, use deductive logic to make testable prediction, if wrong then reject theory
saw moons orbiting planets
studied gravity, weight didn’t matter

48
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

1600
improved heliocentric
planetary orbits not perfect circles
Copernicus’s better than Ptolemy

49
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Inductive reasoning
no math or theories
Only steps 1-3 of Galileo’s model
identify a prob, observe, use inductive logic

50
Q

Hypothetico-Deductive Model

A

Galileo
1. Identify a problem

  1. Make lots of observations
  2. Use inductive logic to draw generalizations.
  3. Tie the generalizations together into a theory, preferably, a mathematical one.
  4. Use deductive logic to generate a testable prediction for an experiment.
  5. If the prediction is wrong, modify or reject the theory.
51
Q

Newton’s advice to scientists- 5 things

A
  1. Do not invoke God’s will as an explanation.
  2. There are no exceptions to the laws of nature.
  3. Aristotle’s final causes must be rejected.
  4. Ockham’s razor is to be accepted.
  5. Sometimes laws must be stated as probabilities.
52
Q

Alcmaeon

A

400s bc
rejected supernatural
first published dissection
mind in brain bc optic nerve connects there

53
Q

Hippocrates

A

400s bc
disease->imbalance of humors
mind in brain

54
Q

mind in brain

A

Alcmaeon
Hippocrates
Galen: boxing physician

55
Q

mind in heart

A

aristotle

56
Q

Herophilus

A 
300s bc
father of anatomy
first dissection of human cadevers
distinguished:
nerves from vessels
 Cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
 Parts of the eye
57
Q

Erasistratus

A 
200s 
under Hero...
Size of cerebellum = speed of running
Complex convolutions = intelligence
        (Gyrus = bump, sulcus = groove)
58
Q

Galen

A

100 ce
infallible for 13 centuries
dissected animals
sports physician -> brain and behavior

59
Q

Nemesius

A

400s AD

Ventricular localization theory

60
Q

Ventricular Localization Theory

A 
Nemesius
 Anterior Ventricle = Sensation
 Middle Ventricle = Cognition/Intellect
 Posterior  Ventricle = Memory
 Serial processing of sensory information
61
Q

Ibn Sina

A 
1000 ce
experiments
faculty psych->phrenology
corrected Galen's mistakes
love sickness and polygraph
62
Q

da Vinci

A

1400-1500s

Human dissections

63
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

1500s
helped launch scientific revolution
first anatomy book with figures and tables
performed dissections

64
Q

Thomas Willis

A

1600s

rejected localization

65
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

later 1800-1900
Golgi stain
neuron theory
nervous system not continuous

66
Q

Korbinian Brodmann

A

1800-1900
connected to Mr. Alzheimer
divided cortex into regions and numbered them

67
Q

Age of Enlightenment

A

Reacting against Descarte’s innate ideas

led to assoicationism

68
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A 
Founder of Brit Empiricism 
nothing exists except matter
Descartes wrong, no soul
free will an illusion
imagery, memory, and dreams

History Of Psych (6 decks)

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