Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology Test 2/4/14 > Test 2/4/14 > Flashcards

Test 2/4/14 Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are microbes?

A

Minute living organisms that are unable to be viewed with the un-aided eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a microbiota?

A

Organisms that live on and in us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a microbiota do for us?

A

Helps digest food to produce nutrients and viatmins, anti-inflammatory, and prevents other diseases by occupying space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Uses naturally found microbes to clean up toxic waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the proper format for writing the scientific name of an organism?

A

Genus Species, either underlined or italicized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

organisms that do not have membrane bound organelles and do not have a true nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What organisms belong in the prokaryote group?

A

Bacteria and Archea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Organisms that do have a membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What organisms belong in the eukaryote group?

A

Fungi, protozoa, algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are archaea generally found?

A

in extreme environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Complex aggregate of microbes, mini ecosystems that contain lots of microbes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In terms of human health and medicine, where can biofilms grow?

A

They can grown in the human body in high nutrient sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can biofilms be bad for us?

A

They are highly antibiotic resistent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

A process of heating food to a specific temperature for a predetermined length of time and then immediately cooled. It slows the spoilage of food caused by microbial growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

comes in many shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diplococci

A

2 cocci (round balls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

streptococci

A

chain of cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

staphylococci

A

grapelike clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli (rod like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

streptobacilli

A

chain of bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

coccibacilli

A

balls and rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

spirochete

A

helical coils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
spirilla
twists like a spiral
26
what are the 2 basic types of glycocalyx and what purpose do they serve?
1- Capsule - helps with protection | 2- Slime layer - adds nutrient source and helps motility
27
What is flagella used for?
It's a long appendage that helps with motility.
28
How many flagella are found on a bacterium
1-1,000
29
What is "run and tumble" movement?
It's an unorganized movement where the bacteria will shoot off towards the nutrient source by rotating the flagella counterclockwise, but once the flagella rotate clockwise it causes the bacteria to "tumble" in a different direction.
30
what is negative taxis?
Movement away from a toxic compound
31
What is a positive taxis?
Movement towards an attrachtent
32
What is an axial filament used for?
a rolling type of movement
33
What is the difference between fimbriae and a pili?
Fimbrae are short hairlike structures around the cell that help with attachment. Pili are long attachment that allows for DNA transfer.
34
What is peptidoglycan made of (general structure)?
cell wall made of proteins and carbohydrates
35
What are the primary differences in a gram positive and gram negative cell wall.
Gram positive have a thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acid - allows passage into the cell. Gram negative have a thin peptidoglycan outer plasma membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
36
what is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
produces a strong immune response, acts as adhesin, and creates a semi-permeable barrier.
37
What is diffusion
Movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentrate an an area of low concentrate.
38
What is facilitated diffusion?
with the aide of a protein
39
What is osmosis
Movement of water from high concentrate to low concentrate across a membrane.
40
Hypertonic
Less concentration inside, causes the cell to shrink
41
hypotonic
More concentration inside, causes the cell to burst
42
isotonic
equilibrium
43
What is active transport?
Movement low concentration to high concentration with the aid of a protein
44
what is the nucleoid
large circular bacterial chromosome
45
what are plasmids
extra chromosomal circular DNA. Contains non essential genes.
46
What do ribosomes do?
protein synthesis
47
what are endospores?
highly resistant bacterial structures that are produced in an unfavorable environment
48
What is sporulation?
process of making endospores.
49
What are the basic steps of sporulation?
1) unequal division 2) "larger" plasma membrane eats the small one forming a double layer 3) petidoglycan formed between membranes 4) Spore coat forms 5) Endospore is released
50
What are the two main genera of bacteria that produce endospores?
Bacillus and clostridium
51
What organelle is shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Ribosomes
52
What does a viral "host range" mean?
The virus can only infect a specific tissue type in a specific organism.
53
What are some advantages and disadvantages of phage therapy
Advantages - Bacteria cannot become phage resistant. | Disadvantage - Must be able to identify the bacterial cause.
54
What is so unique about the nuclei acid in a virus?
It can carry DNA or RNA | Can be double stranded or single stranded.
55
What is the capsid made of?
Protein coat around nucleic acid and is made of capsomere
56
what are spikes?
and adhesin
57
What is an adhesin?
microbial protein that binds to a host cell receptor
58
what does a helical virus looks like?
Tube
59
What does a polyhedral virus look like?
20 triangular faces
60
What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that can attack bacteria
61
What are the two main life cycles of a bacteriophage?
lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
62
What are the main steps in the lytic cycle?
``` 1- attachment 2- penetration 3- biosynthesis 4-maturation 5-release ```
63
how is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?
The virus does not kill the host cell in the lysogenic cycle
64
What is a prophage?
viral piece of DNA that is incorporated into the host DNA of an animal cell
65
What is a provirus
viral piece of DNA that is incorporated into the host DNA of a bacteria
66
what is a phage conversion?
changing bacterial phenotype by introducing new viral proteins
67
What is general transduction
Random pieces of host DNA being mistakenly incapsulated in viral capsid
68
What is specialized transduction?
prophage incorrectly excised out of the host DNA accidentally picking up neighboring pieces of DNA; these get translated to next host.
69
how are animal viruses released from a cell?
viral capsule needs to be uncoated before it can infect (enter) a cell.
70
how do animal viruses enter a cell?
virus buds out of the host cell taking plasma membrane with it
71
What is an oncogenic virus
Viruses that cause cancer by inserting it's DNA into the wrong spot of the hosts chromosome
72
what is a prion?
infectious protein
73
What is a viriod
infectious nucleic acid
74
what is mycology?
study of fungi
75
What is a saprophyte?
a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
76
what is a hyphae
Long filamentous cells
77
What does a mold look like?
they have hyphae
78
What does yeast looks like?
they are unicellular
79
what is budding
1 cell that slowly pinches off other cells
80
what is dimorphism?
grows like a yeast or a mold dependent on it's growth conditions
81
what is mycosis?
fungal diseases
82
what is an opportunistic pathogen?
caused by non pathogenic fungii
83
What algae phyla is associated with the toxin that leads to paralytic shellfish poisoning?
dinoflagellates
84
what are algal blooms?
red algae overgrowth of dinoflagellates
85
what is a trophozoite?
living and growing stage
86
What is schozogony?
reproduction where 1 parent replicates into mulitple daughter cells at once.
87
What is a protozoal cyst?
Produces protective outer coating to allow survival for an extended period of time. Similar to bacterial endospores
88
What is the different between a definitive host and an intermediate host?
definitive host - where the parasite can reproduce | intermediate host - cannot reproduce
89
psychophile
cold lover
90
mesophile
body temp
91
thermophile
heat lover
92
pyschotolerant
prefer body temperature , but can survive and reproduce slowly at cold temperatures.
93
halophile
Salt lover

Microbiology Test 2/4/14 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions