Test 2 Flashcards
(430 cards)
1
Q
What will influence spinal kinematics?
A
geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle
2
Q
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
A
C5/C6
3
Q
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
A
lateral bending and axial rotation
4
Q
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
A
C2/C3, C3/C4, C4, C5 vertebral couples
5
Q
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
A
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
6
Q
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are bifid
7
Q
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are non-bifid
8
Q
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
A
spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
9
Q
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
A
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
10
Q
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intertertebral foramen?
A
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
11
Q
What forms the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for C4 spinal nerve?
A
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
12
Q
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
A
atlas
13
Q
What features are lacking at C1?
A
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and intervertebral disc
14
Q
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
A
longus colli
15
Q
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
A
anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior alanto-axial ligaments
16
Q
What is observed on he back of the anterior arch of C1?
A
fovea dentis
17
Q
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
18
Q
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
19
Q
What is the joint classification of the alanto-occipital zygapophysis?
A
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
20
Q
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
21
Q
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
22
Q
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
A
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
23
Q
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
A
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
24
Q
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
A
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
25
What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumfrence of C1?
about 40%
26
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
27
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
Males: 50mm
Females: 37mm
28
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
29
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
30
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
31
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
32
What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus
33
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
34
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
35
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
36
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1-41%
37
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
38
What is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the interbertebral foramen in both cases
39
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
40
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
41
What muscles atach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
42
What supoccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
43
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
44
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
45
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
retrotransverse foramen
46
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the supoccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
47
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
48
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
49
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
50
What is teh gender variation for measurements of the transverse diamteter of C1?
males: 78mm
females: 72mm
51
What is the distance from the posteiror tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 mm for both males and females
52
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
53
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
54
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior aricular facets and fovea dentis
55
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
56
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
dens or odontoid process
57
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
5
58
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachement site for the apical dental ligament
59
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
60
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
61
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental and alarligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
62
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone
63
How many joints ar formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
f5
64
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
65
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral vody of C2?
10
66
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
67
What ligaments will attach posteriorly, to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
membrana tectoria and posterior longitudinal ligament
68
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
69
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
70
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
71
What location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
72
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior, posterior atlanto-axial lig, ligamentum flavum
73
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
74
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
75
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, down (FoLD)
76
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
77
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
78
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: 57mm
females: 50mm
79
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levato scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
80
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
81
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
82
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
83
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
84
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
85
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
86
What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes, cancellous bone
87
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone
88
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
89
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
90
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
2
91
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
right and left uncincate processes
92
What muscle attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli
93
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
94
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
95
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costorum brevis
96
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
97
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
98
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissius cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
99
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long, horizontal, nonbifid
100
What muscles attache to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
101
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
102
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
103
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
104
What was the anme of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
105
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
106
What are they symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
107
The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?
subclavian artery
108
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
109
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
atlanto-occipital interspace
110
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
C1 and C2
111
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between occiput, C1 and C2?
increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
112
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
113
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal nerve?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
114
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
115
What forms the anterior bodies for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
116
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebrae?
```
C1= 5
C2= 8
C3-6= 8
C7= 6
```
117
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
```
C1= 1
C2= 10
C3-6= 10
C7= 8
```
118
Which thoracic segments are considered the typical thoracics?
T2-T8
119
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
120
What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?
triangular
121
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for T5-T8?
left side of the verteral body will be flattened, the right side convex
122
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
aortic impression
123
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
124
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one or two millimeters
125
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the interbertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
126
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
vertebral body height differences
127
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
128
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
kyphotic curve
129
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, synovial plante (diarthrosis arthrodia)
130
What does the costocentral intra-articular ligament connect to?
interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
131
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
132
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
133
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as 8 if the costocentral stellate/ratiate ligaments are included)
134
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/ratiate ligaments are included)
135
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
136
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
137
Which part of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
superior costal demi-facet
138
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
costocentral joint or ribs
139
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
140
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at T3 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of T3 and vertebral body of T4
141
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
142
Which muscle is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3
longus colli
143
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
144
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
10-15 degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
145
Which X-Ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
lateral view
146
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
147
What is the outline of the vetebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
148
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
transverse plane, vertebral transverse diameter
149
What is the direction of the transverse process in the typical thoracic?
transverse process projects more posterior with each inferior vertebra
150
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
transverse tubercle
151
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
152
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
153
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, sempispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
154
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
T2-T4: width between the superior articular process is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
T5-T8: width between superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
155
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
156
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
157
How many synovial joint are present at a typical thoracic?
10
158
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator previs and interspinalis
159
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?
6
160
Identify the synovial joint surafces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets
161
What is imbrication?
the overlap of spinous processes
162
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
163
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
164
What is the angulation of the spinous process in a typical thoracic region?
undersurface of T2-4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from horizontal plane
undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
165
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis sellar) is only observed as an anatomical variation
166
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically 10 (14 if the rib ligaments are included)
167
Costocentral stellate/ratiate ligament will attach to which segments at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of C7 and vertebral body of T1
168
Costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2
169
What are the osseous parts of the costransverse joint?
transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a tib
170
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
171
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
superior costotransverse ligament
172
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib one will attach to which segmental bony feature?
second rib
173
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
174
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
backward, upward and lateral (BUL)
175
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
forward, downward and medial (ForMeD)
176
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
10
177
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present at T1
two superior costal facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
178
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
179
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costaurum longus and levator costaurum brevis
180
How many synovial joints are typically present at T9?
10
181
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T9
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two superior articular facets, tow inferior articular facets and two transverse costal facets
182
How many synovial joint surfaces for the ribs are typically present on T9?
6
183
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
184
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costaurum longus and levator costaurum brevis
185
How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?
8
186
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present at T10
two superior costal facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior costal facets
187
Which rib related facet is absent on T10?
inferior costal demi-facet
188
What is the topographical indication of the spinous process of T10?
the skin often dimples or is depressed
189
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
190
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator lonnus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
191
What name is given to T11?
anticlinal vertebra
192
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T11 on superior view?
kidney-shaped or reniform
193
Which vertebral segment is the first to have a reniform vertebral body?
T11
194
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
2
195
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
two
196
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically 8 (twelve if the costocentral stellate/ratiate ligaments are included)
197
Which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the 11th rib?
the costcentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
198
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
199
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
200
Which costotransverse ligaments are absent at T11?
capsular costotransverse ligament
201
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
202
Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costaurum longus?
T10
203
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
6
204
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
205
Which muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis
206
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body to T12?
two
207
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
two
208
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
typically 8 (10 if the costocentral part stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
209
Which muscles are attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and minor
210
What does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?
transverse process
211
What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
transverse process
212
What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae
213
What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?
accesory process of lumbar vertebrae
214
What is the location of the lateral tubercle?
projects laterally from the pars interarticularis of T12
215
What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?
transverse costal facet
216
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
217
Which costotransverse ligaments are attached at T12?
none
218
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T23?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii
219
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
220
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
221
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
222
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
223
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?
6
224
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
225
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
226
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
227
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
6
228
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
229
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
two
230
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar?
four
231
What muscles may attach to the first lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and minor
232
What muscles may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar?
psoas major
233
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
234
What is the name given to the ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
235
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
236
Cervical-upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
237
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical-upper thoracic region and lumbar region
238
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
239
What is the proposed function of the cervical-upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord.
240
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structure together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
241
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
242
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligaments?
resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral disc
243
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
244
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
245
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of lumbar accessory process
246
What ligament will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
mammillo-accessory process
247
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammmillo-accessory ligament?
mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment
248
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
249
What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
250
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
251
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
252
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
253
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
254
What muscles will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidis and intertransversarii
255
What ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
256
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
257
What is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
258
What additional ligaments are said to attach to lumbar articular processes?
transforaminal ligaments
259
How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
4
260
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
lies in a coronal plane
261
What is teh position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4
zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
262
What name is given to zygapophyses between vertebral couples that lie in the same place?
joint symmetry
263
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
264
What is the name of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome "kissing spines"
265
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
266
What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-Ray view
267
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
6
268
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
none
269
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
2
270
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
4
271
What muscle attaches to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
272
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
273
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
anterior Hofmann ligaments, posterior Hofmann ligaments, lateral Hofmann ligaments and proximal root sleeve ligaments
274
What accounts for the shortness of the L5 transverse process?
the hip/innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane
275
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
styloid process
276
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?
mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment
277
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus, intertransversarii
278
What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
lumbosacral, iliolumbar and mammillo-accessory ligaments
279
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
280
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
281
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrom
282
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
283
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
anterior 2/3
284
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surafces are present on the S1 vertebral body?
4
285
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
5
286
What muscle may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
287
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
288
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
289
What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?
mammillary process
290
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
291
An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the what?
median sacral crest
292
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
293
An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?
intermediate sacral crest
294
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular processes and their facets
295
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary procoss of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
296
What is the remnant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?
sacral cornu
297
What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
sacral hiatus
298
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
299
What is the sacral tuberosity?
enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
300
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
accessory sacro-iliac joint
301
What muscles is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
iliacus
302
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
303
What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
304
What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?
sacral promontory
305
What ligmaent is attached to the sacral hiatus?
superificial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
306
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
307
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
308
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
posterior sacrococcygeal ligametn
309
What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?
lateral sacrococygeal ligametn
310
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrospinous ligament
311
What ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosit?
sacrotuberous ligament
312
Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?
anterior sacro-iliac ligametn
313
What ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
314
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
315
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
10
316
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
317
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
318
What is the direction of fusion of occcygeal segments?
caudal to cranial, last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
319
What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?
posterior (kyphotic)
320
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion-extension, 5-20 degrees
321
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?
typically only one pair of cocygeal nerve remain in the adult
322
What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?
S4, S5, and Co1
323
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
324
What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
an enlarged encapsulated arteriorvenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx
325
What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified
326
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ischiococcygeus and levator ani
327
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
328
Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?
C2, T1-T12
329
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and lateral?
C1
330
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral and downward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
331
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial and downward?
C7, T1-T11
332
Which segment has the only inferior articualr facet to face backward?
C1
333
What directions will all superior articular facets face?
backward and upward
334
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as concave?
C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets
335
What is the definition of spondylosis?
vertebral condition
336
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
337
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
vertebral slippage
338
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal II?
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in pars interarticularis or pars defect)
339
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
340
What is the geographic ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
native Alaskan (Inuit) population
341
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of indiiduals?
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under 5 years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
342
What does lumbar sponlylolysis appear to be related to?
uniquely human upright stance or erect posture
343
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?
familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine
344
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
men at L5/S1
| women at L4, L5
345
What is the age rage typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 year olds
346
What activites are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
347
What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
fibrocartilagenous material
348
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
349
What types of neural functions have benn associated with the spondlylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function
350
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebrae upon oblique X-Ray view?
Scotty dog
351
What is the appearance of a defect in the pars interarticularis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique X-Ray view?
collared Scotty dog
352
In an oblique X-Ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
neck of the Scotty dog
353
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
pedicle
354
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms in ear of a Scotty dog?
superior articular process
355
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
transverse process
356
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to sponlylolisthesis and spina bifida
357
What characteristics are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
rare in general population, within typical percents in the native Alaskan (Inuit) population, seems to be aquired, gender biased toward men, most common at S1 and linked to activities such as kayaking and harpooning
358
Identify all names given to type I sponlylolisthesis?
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondlylolisthesis
359
What is the locational bias of type I spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
360
What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?
spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
361
What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
362
What is the gender bias, locational bias and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal cord
363
What couses type IV spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
364
What are the causes associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
365
What determines the length of the intervertebral foramen?
width of the pedicle
366
What is the average height of the intervertebral foramen?
about 13mm
367
What percent of total vertebral column length does "true" intervertebral foramina height from C2-S1 equal?
40%
368
What percent of total vertebral column length does all intervertebral foramina height from occiput to Co1 equal?
53%
369
What are the generic contents of the intervertebral foramen?
neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue
370
What is the percent of neural tissue in the interbertebral foramen?
from 8-50%
371
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior meduallary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foamen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
372
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
373
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
appear to lack valves
374
What size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen?
medium sized lymphatics
375
What types of connective tissue will be percent in the intervertebral foramen?
adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
376
What parts of the cerveical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen?
lateral groove and uncinate process
377
What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen?
they descend along the spinal cord
378
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, bu the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases
379
What is the relationship bdtween aging and cervical spinal intervertebral foramen size?
cross-sectional area diminishes after age 50
380
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nervve?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
381
What contributes to the anterior boundary of the throacic intervertebral foramen?
costocentral joints
382
What is the shape of the lumbar intervertebral foramen?
reniform or earlobe-shaped
383
What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4?
the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size
384
Which ar the largest spinal nerves?
L5 and S1 spinal nerves
385
What increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L5?
lumbosacral tunnel
386
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
387
What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
388
What is the relationship between intervertebral disc herniation and lumbar spinal nerves?
intervertebral disc above the intervertebral foramen is ususally the source of damage
389
What is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina?
a completely osseous boundary exists
390
What is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral foramen?
the tilt of position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis
391
What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4?
nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size
392
What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen atS5-Co1?
there are two nerves present, S5 nerve and Co1 nerve
393
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis
394
What may reduce the impact of intervertebral disc loss of integrity on the intervertebral foramen in the cervical and throacic spine?
joint of Luschka in the cervicals, the costocentral joint int the thoracics
395
What are examples of osteophyte formation that influence intervertebral foramen?
bony spurs of the vertebral body and para-articular processes on the lamina
396
What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class
obesity, pregnancy and the use of heavy backpacks
397
What is the recommended weight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the developing spine?
backpack weight should not exceed 10% individual body weight
398
What embryonic event causes the direction of the posterior curve of the vertebral column?
embryonic disc will undergo flexion in a cranial to caudal direction
399
Why is the posterior curve also the primary curve?
it is the first curve to appear embryologically
400
What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?
thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
401
What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve
402
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
403
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
404
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
kyphyosis or hypolordotic curve
405
What is the definition of scoliosis?
warped or crooked condition
406
What is the definition of kyphosis?
humpback or hunchback condition
407
What is the definition of lordosis?
forward bending condition
408
What names are given to conditions aassociated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
409
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
right-handed person has high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
410
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
they appear after 6 years old
411
What is the vertebral relationship between lumbar curve and the lumbar englargement?
lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12
412
What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?
females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve
413
Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting and walking?
visison
414
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension ofn the lumbar region and pulls it forward
2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
3. intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
4. walking will furter promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
415
What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?
thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
416
What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve
417
What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves and compensatory curves?
cervical and lumbar curve
418
What segmental levels form the cervical curve?
C2-T1
419
What segmental levels form the lumbar cruve?
T12 to L5
420
What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve
third fetal month
421
What ist hetraditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?
during the last trimester in utero
422
What is the time during which the adult cervical curve si said to appear?
within the first year after birth
423
Whatdevelopmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
2. musculatrure attaching the skull, cervical region and upper thorax together develops
3. the head is held upright
4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
424
At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
425
What is the name given tot eh integration of visual and motos pathways associated with holding the head erect?
the righting reflex
426
What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?
typically between C4 and C5
427
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
428
What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?
cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
429
What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?
between 12 and 18 months after birth
430
What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar cruve?
crawling and walking
