Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three upper respiratory viruses?

A

adenovirs, coronavirus (SARS), Rhinovirus

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2
Q

What anatomical features are included in the upper respiratory?

A
nasal cavity
throat
nostril
mouth
voice box (larynx)
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3
Q

Where was the adenovirus first isolated?

A

in human adenoids

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4
Q

What percentage of viral respiratory infections do adenoviruses cause

A

5-10%

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5
Q

What is the size in diameter of adenoviruses

A

80-100nm

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6
Q

The adenovirus is classified as what size in easy terms

A

medium

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7
Q

What is the shape of the adenovirus

A

icosohedral

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8
Q

How many protein subunits is the capsid of the adenovirus made up of

A

252 capsomeres

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9
Q

How many sides are to the adenovirus capsid

A

20

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10
Q

The 20 sides of the adenovirus form what

A

12 vertices

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11
Q

What extends from each vertice

A

binding protein spike fibers

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12
Q

Are adenoviruses enveloped or non-enveloped

A

non-enveloped

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13
Q

How many serotypes does the adenovirus have

A

49 serotypes

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14
Q

What is the largest of non-enveloped viruses

A

adenovirus

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15
Q

Each type of serotype infects what

A

only 1 type of species

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16
Q

Why do upper repiratory typically go unreported

A

they are minor symptoms similiar to the common cold

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17
Q

Why is the adenovirus good for gene therapy

A

It has a DNA genome which replicates in the nucleus of the cell where the human genome is

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18
Q

How does the adenovirus get entry into the cell

A

protein spikes bind to receptor on cell surface and the virus in endocytosed

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19
Q

what occurs directly after the adenovirus enters the cell

A

the virion is released and the viral genome enters the nucleus

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20
Q

What type of genome does the adenovirus have

A

ds DNA

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21
Q

How many base pairs does the adenovirus have

A

38kb

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22
Q

How many genes does the adenovirus code for

A

30 genes

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23
Q

What is the first step of the adenovirus replication

A

early genes are transcribed first and spliced into individual mRNAs

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24
Q

What are the early genes transcribed from

A

9 promoters

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25
Q

How many non-structural proteins are translated

A

12

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26
Q

What are the functions of early genes

A

regulatory enzymes

  • upregulate expression of host cells DNA replication machinery
  • activate other viral genes
  • inhibit cell death
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27
Q

Why are early genes typically involved in regulatory while late genes are structural

A
  • a necessary order
  • efficiency issue (what needs to happen to drive replication process and then express the structural proteins from the replicated genomes
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28
Q

What is the second step of adenovirus replication

A

DNA replication

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29
Q

What type of polymerase is used for DNA replication

A

virus expressed DNA polymerase

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30
Q

What is the third step of adenovirus replication

A

late genes are expressed

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31
Q

What is the fourth step of adenovirus replication

A

assembly

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32
Q

where does assembly occur

A

in the nucleus

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33
Q

What is the fifth step of adenovirus replication

A

release

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34
Q

What happens to the cell in order for release of the virus

A

transcription and translation shut down and the cell dies

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35
Q

What serotypes cause disease in early childhool

A

1,2

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36
Q

What serotype causes disease later in life

A

3,5

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37
Q

What are adenovirus infection symptoms

A

“stuffy nose” and cough
pharyngitis
pneumonia
GI infection

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38
Q

What serotypes cause pneumonia

A

3,7

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39
Q

What serotypes cause GI infection

A

40,41

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40
Q

What serotypes cause pharyngoconjunctival fever

A

3,4,7

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41
Q

What is pharyngoconjunctival fever typically associated with

A

swimming pools

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42
Q

How is the virus transmitted

A

aerosol, direct contact, fecal-oral

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43
Q

What are some characteristics of the adenovirus

A

can resist pH and chemical stresses

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44
Q

What is the vaccine for adenovirus

A

there is none

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45
Q

What does corona mean

A

latin for crown

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46
Q

what percentage of common colds do coronoviruses account for

A

2-10%

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47
Q

What is the diameter of corona virus

A

60-220

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48
Q

Is the corona virus enveloped or not

A

enveloped

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49
Q

What is the capsid shape of the coronavirus

A

helical

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50
Q

Why is this shape weird for the corona virus

A

because its unusual for a + stranded virus

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51
Q

What comes off the surface of the coronavirus

A

large dub-shaped protein spikes

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52
Q

How many serotypes of the corona virus infect humans

A

3

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53
Q

how many serotypes of the corona virus infect other animals

A

15

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54
Q

What type of genome does the corona virus have

A

ss RNA positive

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55
Q

how many base pairs does the corona virus have

A

30kb

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56
Q

What is the largest RNA virus infecting humans

A

coronavirus

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57
Q

What are the 5 main proteins of the genome

A

R1/2, S, HE, M, N

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58
Q

What is the R1/R2 protein

A

replicase

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59
Q

What is the S protein

A

surface trimer

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60
Q

What is the HE protein

A

virus exit

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61
Q

What is the M protein

A

structural membrane protein

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62
Q

What is the N protein

A

nucleocapsid protein

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63
Q

How does the corona virus gain entry to the cell

A

attaches to host cell through S spike proteins, virus is endocytosed into the cell

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64
Q

Where does viral replication occur for corona virus

A

cytoplasm

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65
Q

How is the corona virus replicated

A

directly translated into 2 polyproteins that are cleaved into 16 smaller proteins

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66
Q

What type of replicase is used

A

RNA polymerase

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67
Q

What does the replicase do

A

transcribes a full length RNA strand (negative)

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68
Q

What does the negative strand serve as

A

transcribed to make positive strands, yield many smaller mRNAs which are translated into smaller proteins

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69
Q

What is the RNA polymerase prone to

A

errors

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70
Q

What is the ratio for errors

A

1/10000 nucleotides

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71
Q

What does the high rate of recombination between RNA strands equal

A

rapid change in virus host range and disease

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72
Q

Where does assembly of the corona virus occur

A

in cytoplasm

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73
Q

How does assembly occur

A

virions bud from the RER, virions accumulate in the Golgi and are released when vesicles leave the golgi and fuse with plasma membrane

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74
Q

What is the incubation period for corona virus

A

3 days

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75
Q

where is the corona virus confined to in the body

A

upper respiratory tract

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76
Q

What are the symptoms of the corona virus

A

nasal discharge, malaise, no fever, no coughing, no sore throat

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77
Q

How long do the symptoms last

A

1 week

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78
Q

When do epidemics of the corona virus occur

A

winter and early spring

79
Q

Why are reinfections common

A

due to poor immune response

80
Q

What does SARS stand for

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome

81
Q

When did the SARS virus emerge

A

in NOV 2002 in China

82
Q

How did the US get the SARS virus

A

us businessman traveled from China and dies

83
Q

What type of virus was SARS

A

coronavirus

84
Q

How many open reading frames did SARS have

A

11

85
Q

how many proteins were coded for

A

23

86
Q

What were the main proteins coded for

A

S,M,N (no HE)

87
Q

How is the virus replicated

A

into 2 large polypeptides and then cleaved

88
Q

Incubation period for SARS

A

4-5 days

89
Q

What is the first symptom of SARS

A

high fever

90
Q

What are symptoms of SARS

A

high fever, diarrhea, dry cough, pneumonia

91
Q

How long til symptoms peak

A

7-8 days

92
Q

How is SARS transmitted

A

respiratory droplets, direct contact

93
Q

What is the R0 for SARS

A

2

94
Q

How many US cases of SARS

A

8

95
Q

Where did SARS come from

A

chinese horseshoe bat

96
Q

What does Rhinos mean

A

greek for nose

97
Q

What is the diameter of rhinos

A

18-30nm

98
Q

Is the rhinovirus enveloped or non-enveloped

A

non-enveloped

99
Q

What is the capsid shape

A

icosohedral

100
Q

What is the genome of the rhinovirus

A

ss-RNA positive

101
Q

how many base pairs for Rhinovirus

A

7-8kb

102
Q

How many serotypes of the rhinovirus

A

100

103
Q

How does the rhinovirus relate to pH

A

can’t withstand low

104
Q

What temperatures do rhinoviruses prefer

A

low

105
Q

How is the rhinovirus translated

A

into large polypeptide and then is cleaved into smaller functional proteins

106
Q

What cellularly does the Rhinovirus shut down

A

translation of cellular mRNA, leads to cell death

107
Q

What does cell death entail

A

new virions released

108
Q

What is disease

A

common cold

109
Q

What is the incubation period for rhinovirus

A

2-3 days

110
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinovirus

A
nasal congestion
cough
sneezing
sore throat
NO FEVER
111
Q

How is the rhinovirus transmitted

A

aerosol
direct contact
surfaces of cups and plates

112
Q

Why is curing the common cold difficult

A

large number of serotypes

113
Q

What are the 4 paramyxoviruses

A

measles, mumps, RSV, parainfluenza

114
Q

What do paramyxoviruses cause

A

predominantly respiratory tract diseasee

115
Q

What are paramyxoviruses responsible for

A

1/2 of all cases of croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infants

116
Q

What does paramyxoviruses cause to the cells

A

fusion

117
Q

fusion leads to what

A

synctia

118
Q

what is synctia

A

giant multinucleated cells

119
Q

How is paramyxoviridae transmitted

A

respiratory droplets or direct contact

120
Q

are paramyxoviridae enveloped or non-enveloped

A

enveloped

121
Q

What type of genome does paramyxoviridae have

A

RNA negative

122
Q

What size is the paramyxoviridae diameter

A

150-200

123
Q

What shape of capsid does the paramyxoviridae virus have

A

helical

124
Q

What are the two surface proteins of the paramyxoviritade

A

HN and F

125
Q

What is HN protein

A

hemagluttinin-neuraminidase

126
Q

What is F protein

A

fusion protein, translated as a larger precursor protein

127
Q

What is the internal structural protein

A

M protin (matrix)

128
Q

How are protein involved with the nucleoprotein core

A

proteins plus RNA genome

129
Q

How many bases is the paramyxoviridae genome

A

15kb

130
Q

how many genes approximately are coded for by the paramyxoviridae genome

A

10 genes

131
Q

Where does replication occur for the paramyxoviridae

A

cytoplasm

132
Q

What is the genome transcribed by

A

transciptase single mRNAs for each gene

133
Q

the nucleoprotein interacts with M protein to form what

A

nucleocapsid

134
Q

newly synthesized genomes interact with transcriptase and other proteins to form what

A

nucleoprotein

135
Q

Once assembly is complete what happens

A

virions bud off from surface of host cell

136
Q

What is it called when virions spread from cell to cell by fusion

A

creepers

137
Q

What is one of the most highly infectious viruses

A

Measles

138
Q

How is the infection in temperate countries

A

mild, serious complications are rare

139
Q

How is the infection in tropical countries

A

serious problem, large scale killer of children

140
Q

What type of infection is measles

A

acute, generalized

141
Q

What type of incubation period does measles have

A

long period

142
Q

What is the time frame from infection to rash

A

2 weeks

143
Q

What is the first stage of the measles

A

prodromal stage (prior to symptoms)

144
Q

How long does the prodromal stage last

A

2-3 days

145
Q

What symptoms occur durring prodromal stage

A

running nose, watery eyes, cough, moderate fever, Koplik spots appear

146
Q

What is the second stage of measles

A

rash stage

147
Q

What causes the rash

A

CTLs recognizing viral antigen on skin cells

148
Q

Why is the rash a good sign

A

shows immune system is working

149
Q

What is a characteristic/ diagnostic appearance for measles

A

red, blotchy

150
Q

What is the third stage of measles

A

immune response

151
Q

What occurs during the immune response

A

IgMs and IgG and CTL memory

152
Q

When is the virus shed

A

acute stage and prodromal

153
Q

What are three complications of measles

A

bronchitis
pneumonia
encephalitis

154
Q

What is the vaccine for measles

A

MMR

155
Q

What does MMR protect against

A

measles, mumps, rubella

156
Q

how many serotypes of measles

A

1

157
Q

In developing countries, who does measles affect most

A

children younger than 2

158
Q

How many children die each year form measles

A

1 million

159
Q

Why are symptoms more severe in developing countries

A

younger age and malnutrition

160
Q

Why does Vitamin A deficiency affect survival

A

leads to corneal ulcers and blindness

161
Q

What is the mortality rate of measles

A

10%

162
Q

Why is it difficult to innoculate against measles

A

vaccine must be kept cold until just before use

163
Q

What does RSV stand for

A

respiratory synctial virus

164
Q

When do outbreaks of RSV typically occur

A

december

165
Q

who does RSV typically affect

A

elderly and infants

166
Q

RSV is what in regards to spreading

A

highly contagious

167
Q

What is the incubation period for RSV

A

5 days

168
Q

How does RSV start

A

as a common cold

169
Q

How do infants react to RSV

A

become acutely ill in 24 hours with repiratory distress and cyanosis (blue fingers, lips, and toes)

170
Q

What are symptoms of RSV

A

bronchiolitis with or without pneumonia, long term respiratory problems, severe illness and maybe death

171
Q

How early can infants be infected with RSV

A

as early as 6 weeks

172
Q

What does the early infection of infants mean

A

indicates mother’s antibodies do not protect for long

173
Q

What responses does RSV induce, but still little response

A

antibody and CMI

174
Q

How many serotypes of RSV

A

2

175
Q

Why doesn’t RSV trigger much of an immune response

A

it doesn’t use interferons

176
Q

When can the virus be shed

A

for 3 weeks after acute phase of infection

177
Q

How is transmitting the RSV virus

A

respiratory secretions, temperate climates, tropics

178
Q

What is the vaccine for RSV

A

there is non

179
Q

For high risk infants what can be used in emergencies

A

human antibodies

180
Q

What has been effective against RSV

A

RNAi

181
Q

What is the incubation period for mumps

A

2-3 weeks

182
Q

Who does mumps typically affect

A

those less than 15 years old

183
Q

What are symptoms of mumps

A

malaise, fever, enlargement of paratid glands, orchitis

184
Q

How is mumps transmitted

A

spread by respiratory aerosol or hand contact

185
Q

how long is mumps shed period

A

for several days before and after the 1st symptoms

186
Q

What is the vaccine for mumps

A

MMR vaccine

187
Q

How long is mumps immunity with vaccine

A

20 years

188
Q

What does the parainfluenza virus cause

A

1/3 of all respiratory tract infections and nearly 1/2 of respiratory infections in children and infants

189
Q

What are the 4 types of the parainfluenza virus

A

types 1,2
type 3
type 4

190
Q

What does types 1,2 cause

A

croup (more in boys than girls)

191
Q

What does type 3 cause

A

lower respiratory tract illness

192
Q

What does type 4 cause

A

less severe disease

193
Q

What is the vaccine for parainfluenza virus

A

none