Test 2 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
What are the three upper respiratory viruses?
A
adenovirs, coronavirus (SARS), Rhinovirus
2
Q
What anatomical features are included in the upper respiratory?
A
nasal cavity throat nostril mouth voice box (larynx)
3
Q
Where was the adenovirus first isolated?
A
in human adenoids
4
Q
What percentage of viral respiratory infections do adenoviruses cause
A
5-10%
5
Q
What is the size in diameter of adenoviruses
A
80-100nm
6
Q
The adenovirus is classified as what size in easy terms
A
medium
7
Q
What is the shape of the adenovirus
A
icosohedral
8
Q
How many protein subunits is the capsid of the adenovirus made up of
A
252 capsomeres
9
Q
How many sides are to the adenovirus capsid
A
20
10
Q
The 20 sides of the adenovirus form what
A
12 vertices
11
Q
What extends from each vertice
A
binding protein spike fibers
12
Q
Are adenoviruses enveloped or non-enveloped
A
non-enveloped
13
Q
How many serotypes does the adenovirus have
A
49 serotypes
14
Q
What is the largest of non-enveloped viruses
A
adenovirus
15
Q
Each type of serotype infects what
A
only 1 type of species
16
Q
Why do upper repiratory typically go unreported
A
they are minor symptoms similiar to the common cold
17
Q
Why is the adenovirus good for gene therapy
A
It has a DNA genome which replicates in the nucleus of the cell where the human genome is
18
Q
How does the adenovirus get entry into the cell
A
protein spikes bind to receptor on cell surface and the virus in endocytosed
19
Q
what occurs directly after the adenovirus enters the cell
A
the virion is released and the viral genome enters the nucleus
20
Q
What type of genome does the adenovirus have
A
ds DNA
21
Q
How many base pairs does the adenovirus have
A
38kb
22
Q
How many genes does the adenovirus code for
A
30 genes
23
Q
What is the first step of the adenovirus replication
A
early genes are transcribed first and spliced into individual mRNAs
24
Q
What are the early genes transcribed from
A
9 promoters
25
How many non-structural proteins are translated
12
26
What are the functions of early genes
regulatory enzymes
- upregulate expression of host cells DNA replication machinery
- activate other viral genes
- inhibit cell death
27
Why are early genes typically involved in regulatory while late genes are structural
- a necessary order
- efficiency issue (what needs to happen to drive replication process and then express the structural proteins from the replicated genomes
28
What is the second step of adenovirus replication
DNA replication
29
What type of polymerase is used for DNA replication
virus expressed DNA polymerase
30
What is the third step of adenovirus replication
late genes are expressed
31
What is the fourth step of adenovirus replication
assembly
32
where does assembly occur
in the nucleus
33
What is the fifth step of adenovirus replication
release
34
What happens to the cell in order for release of the virus
transcription and translation shut down and the cell dies
35
What serotypes cause disease in early childhool
1,2
36
What serotype causes disease later in life
3,5
37
What are adenovirus infection symptoms
"stuffy nose" and cough
pharyngitis
pneumonia
GI infection
38
What serotypes cause pneumonia
3,7
39
What serotypes cause GI infection
40,41
40
What serotypes cause pharyngoconjunctival fever
3,4,7
41
What is pharyngoconjunctival fever typically associated with
swimming pools
42
How is the virus transmitted
aerosol, direct contact, fecal-oral
43
What are some characteristics of the adenovirus
can resist pH and chemical stresses
44
What is the vaccine for adenovirus
there is none
45
What does corona mean
latin for crown
46
what percentage of common colds do coronoviruses account for
2-10%
47
What is the diameter of corona virus
60-220
48
Is the corona virus enveloped or not
enveloped
49
What is the capsid shape of the coronavirus
helical
50
Why is this shape weird for the corona virus
because its unusual for a + stranded virus
51
What comes off the surface of the coronavirus
large dub-shaped protein spikes
52
How many serotypes of the corona virus infect humans
3
53
how many serotypes of the corona virus infect other animals
15
54
What type of genome does the corona virus have
ss RNA positive
55
how many base pairs does the corona virus have
30kb
56
What is the largest RNA virus infecting humans
coronavirus
57
What are the 5 main proteins of the genome
R1/2, S, HE, M, N
58
What is the R1/R2 protein
replicase
59
What is the S protein
surface trimer
60
What is the HE protein
virus exit
61
What is the M protein
structural membrane protein
62
What is the N protein
nucleocapsid protein
63
How does the corona virus gain entry to the cell
attaches to host cell through S spike proteins, virus is endocytosed into the cell
64
Where does viral replication occur for corona virus
cytoplasm
65
How is the corona virus replicated
directly translated into 2 polyproteins that are cleaved into 16 smaller proteins
66
What type of replicase is used
RNA polymerase
67
What does the replicase do
transcribes a full length RNA strand (negative)
68
What does the negative strand serve as
transcribed to make positive strands, yield many smaller mRNAs which are translated into smaller proteins
69
What is the RNA polymerase prone to
errors
70
What is the ratio for errors
1/10000 nucleotides
71
What does the high rate of recombination between RNA strands equal
rapid change in virus host range and disease
72
Where does assembly of the corona virus occur
in cytoplasm
73
How does assembly occur
virions bud from the RER, virions accumulate in the Golgi and are released when vesicles leave the golgi and fuse with plasma membrane
74
What is the incubation period for corona virus
3 days
75
where is the corona virus confined to in the body
upper respiratory tract
76
What are the symptoms of the corona virus
nasal discharge, malaise, no fever, no coughing, no sore throat
77
How long do the symptoms last
1 week
78
When do epidemics of the corona virus occur
winter and early spring
79
Why are reinfections common
due to poor immune response
80
What does SARS stand for
severe acute respiratory syndrome
81
When did the SARS virus emerge
in NOV 2002 in China
82
How did the US get the SARS virus
us businessman traveled from China and dies
83
What type of virus was SARS
coronavirus
84
How many open reading frames did SARS have
11
85
how many proteins were coded for
23
86
What were the main proteins coded for
S,M,N (no HE)
87
How is the virus replicated
into 2 large polypeptides and then cleaved
88
Incubation period for SARS
4-5 days
89
What is the first symptom of SARS
high fever
90
What are symptoms of SARS
high fever, diarrhea, dry cough, pneumonia
91
How long til symptoms peak
7-8 days
92
How is SARS transmitted
respiratory droplets, direct contact
93
What is the R0 for SARS
2
94
How many US cases of SARS
8
95
Where did SARS come from
chinese horseshoe bat
96
What does Rhinos mean
greek for nose
97
What is the diameter of rhinos
18-30nm
98
Is the rhinovirus enveloped or non-enveloped
non-enveloped
99
What is the capsid shape
icosohedral
100
What is the genome of the rhinovirus
ss-RNA positive
101
how many base pairs for Rhinovirus
7-8kb
102
How many serotypes of the rhinovirus
100
103
How does the rhinovirus relate to pH
can't withstand low
104
What temperatures do rhinoviruses prefer
low
105
How is the rhinovirus translated
into large polypeptide and then is cleaved into smaller functional proteins
106
What cellularly does the Rhinovirus shut down
translation of cellular mRNA, leads to cell death
107
What does cell death entail
new virions released
108
What is disease
common cold
109
What is the incubation period for rhinovirus
2-3 days
110
What are the symptoms of rhinovirus
```
nasal congestion
cough
sneezing
sore throat
NO FEVER
```
111
How is the rhinovirus transmitted
aerosol
direct contact
surfaces of cups and plates
112
Why is curing the common cold difficult
large number of serotypes
113
What are the 4 paramyxoviruses
measles, mumps, RSV, parainfluenza
114
What do paramyxoviruses cause
predominantly respiratory tract diseasee
115
What are paramyxoviruses responsible for
1/2 of all cases of croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infants
116
What does paramyxoviruses cause to the cells
fusion
117
fusion leads to what
synctia
118
what is synctia
giant multinucleated cells
119
How is paramyxoviridae transmitted
respiratory droplets or direct contact
120
are paramyxoviridae enveloped or non-enveloped
enveloped
121
What type of genome does paramyxoviridae have
RNA negative
122
What size is the paramyxoviridae diameter
150-200
123
What shape of capsid does the paramyxoviridae virus have
helical
124
What are the two surface proteins of the paramyxoviritade
HN and F
125
What is HN protein
hemagluttinin-neuraminidase
126
What is F protein
fusion protein, translated as a larger precursor protein
127
What is the internal structural protein
M protin (matrix)
128
How are protein involved with the nucleoprotein core
proteins plus RNA genome
129
How many bases is the paramyxoviridae genome
15kb
130
how many genes approximately are coded for by the paramyxoviridae genome
10 genes
131
Where does replication occur for the paramyxoviridae
cytoplasm
132
What is the genome transcribed by
transciptase single mRNAs for each gene
133
the nucleoprotein interacts with M protein to form what
nucleocapsid
134
newly synthesized genomes interact with transcriptase and other proteins to form what
nucleoprotein
135
Once assembly is complete what happens
virions bud off from surface of host cell
136
What is it called when virions spread from cell to cell by fusion
creepers
137
What is one of the most highly infectious viruses
Measles
138
How is the infection in temperate countries
mild, serious complications are rare
139
How is the infection in tropical countries
serious problem, large scale killer of children
140
What type of infection is measles
acute, generalized
141
What type of incubation period does measles have
long period
142
What is the time frame from infection to rash
2 weeks
143
What is the first stage of the measles
prodromal stage (prior to symptoms)
144
How long does the prodromal stage last
2-3 days
145
What symptoms occur durring prodromal stage
running nose, watery eyes, cough, moderate fever, Koplik spots appear
146
What is the second stage of measles
rash stage
147
What causes the rash
CTLs recognizing viral antigen on skin cells
148
Why is the rash a good sign
shows immune system is working
149
What is a characteristic/ diagnostic appearance for measles
red, blotchy
150
What is the third stage of measles
immune response
151
What occurs during the immune response
IgMs and IgG and CTL memory
152
When is the virus shed
acute stage and prodromal
153
What are three complications of measles
bronchitis
pneumonia
encephalitis
154
What is the vaccine for measles
MMR
155
What does MMR protect against
measles, mumps, rubella
156
how many serotypes of measles
1
157
In developing countries, who does measles affect most
children younger than 2
158
How many children die each year form measles
1 million
159
Why are symptoms more severe in developing countries
younger age and malnutrition
160
Why does Vitamin A deficiency affect survival
leads to corneal ulcers and blindness
161
What is the mortality rate of measles
10%
162
Why is it difficult to innoculate against measles
vaccine must be kept cold until just before use
163
What does RSV stand for
respiratory synctial virus
164
When do outbreaks of RSV typically occur
december
165
who does RSV typically affect
elderly and infants
166
RSV is what in regards to spreading
highly contagious
167
What is the incubation period for RSV
5 days
168
How does RSV start
as a common cold
169
How do infants react to RSV
become acutely ill in 24 hours with repiratory distress and cyanosis (blue fingers, lips, and toes)
170
What are symptoms of RSV
bronchiolitis with or without pneumonia, long term respiratory problems, severe illness and maybe death
171
How early can infants be infected with RSV
as early as 6 weeks
172
What does the early infection of infants mean
indicates mother's antibodies do not protect for long
173
What responses does RSV induce, but still little response
antibody and CMI
174
How many serotypes of RSV
2
175
Why doesn't RSV trigger much of an immune response
it doesn't use interferons
176
When can the virus be shed
for 3 weeks after acute phase of infection
177
How is transmitting the RSV virus
respiratory secretions, temperate climates, tropics
178
What is the vaccine for RSV
there is non
179
For high risk infants what can be used in emergencies
human antibodies
180
What has been effective against RSV
RNAi
181
What is the incubation period for mumps
2-3 weeks
182
Who does mumps typically affect
those less than 15 years old
183
What are symptoms of mumps
malaise, fever, enlargement of paratid glands, orchitis
184
How is mumps transmitted
spread by respiratory aerosol or hand contact
185
how long is mumps shed period
for several days before and after the 1st symptoms
186
What is the vaccine for mumps
MMR vaccine
187
How long is mumps immunity with vaccine
20 years
188
What does the parainfluenza virus cause
1/3 of all respiratory tract infections and nearly 1/2 of respiratory infections in children and infants
189
What are the 4 types of the parainfluenza virus
types 1,2
type 3
type 4
190
What does types 1,2 cause
croup (more in boys than girls)
191
What does type 3 cause
lower respiratory tract illness
192
What does type 4 cause
less severe disease
193
What is the vaccine for parainfluenza virus
none
