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Biology 160 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Flagella

A

Extension of the cell, internally the same as cilia, gets a cell from A to B, tail is very long

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2
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids

A

Found in plants

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3
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: Chloroplast

A

Green double membrane (photosynthesis)

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4
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: chromoplast

A

Color, where a plant puts all the other colors, acts as a antioxidant

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5
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: amyloplast Amylo=starch

A

Also called leucoplast, stores starch

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6
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Central sap vacuole

A

Storing water

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7
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Food vacuole

A

Not in plants, membrane bound cell for food

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8
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Contractile vacuole

A

Water is always going in, no cell wall, holds the excess water, found in Protista

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9
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cell wall

A

Rigid, gives cell shape, protects from osmotic lisis

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10
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into their basic units

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11
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

Occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic

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12
Q

Osmotic lysis

A

Cutting

Popping a cell with osmosis

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13
Q

Actin

A

Protein that makes up the micrfilaments inside the cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Tugor pressure

A

The internal pressure applied to a cell wall when water moves by osmosis in the cell

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane

In eukaryotes its the nucleus

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16
Q

Tubulin

A

Protein that makes up the microtubule inside the cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Glycoprotien

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

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18
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cilia

A

Extension of the cell, moves things, many hair like extensions, flagellate to move things A to B, moves particles across exterior to their gut
9+2
9 microtubules 2 down the center

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29
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipid

Glycolipid

A

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. Cell to cell recognition. Sugar is attached to it. Outer boundary

Their role is to serve as markers for cellular recognition and also to provide energy.

The carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes.

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35
Q

Cell types:

Eukaryote

A

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes

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36
Q

Cell structures: Prokaryote

Ribosome

A

A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Make protein

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37
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Centrosome - Centriol

A

Centriol is inside centrosome, region outside of the cell where centrioles are found
9+0 circumference + down center
9 microtubules down none down the center

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38
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plasma membrane

A

Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell

39
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Nucleus

A

Chromosomes behind double membrane that protects the chromosomes

40
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Nucleolus

A

Dark stain, makes ribosomes

41
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Ribosome

A

They are made up of proteins and RNA molecules called subunits. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria

42
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough

A

Attached ribosomes, attached to nucleus, transport proteins through hallways to the edge

43
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth

A

Transports the rough ER proteins (liver), stores fatty acids for lipids for lipid synthesis, neutralizes toxins, attached to rough ER

44
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus, Goldie bodies)

A

Next to smooth ER, receive proteins from smooth ER, stores, modify, and transports proteins
(Looks like a stack of pancakes with bulbs on the end)

45
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration

  1. Internal structure
  2. Endosymbiotic theory
46
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Chloroplast (green membrane bound sac)

A

Photosynthesis

  1. Internal structure
  2. Endosymbiotic theory
47
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Lysosomes

A

Body that cuts(intracellular digestion)

Hydrolytic enzyme: cut with H2O (hydrolysis)

48
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives the cell shape

  • microtubules
  • microfilament
49
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

A

Biggest, tubes, hollow rod, protein -> tubulin

50
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cytoskeleton: Microfilament

A

Solid rod, protein->actin , helps things move

51
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipids

Phospholipid

A

Most abundant lipid in the membrane

52
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipid

Cholesterol

A

Keeps cell membrane soft (homeostasis)

53
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins

Recognition

A

Cell to cell recognition

53
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins

Adhesion

A

Proteins that stick to each other or a base such as the liver

54
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane:

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids Polar and non polar, hydrophobic and hydrophilic

54
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins

Receptor

A

Receive a molecule from somewhere else

54
Q

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins

Transport

A

Transports stuff in and out of cells (homeostasis)

54
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier

Semipermeable membrane

A

Buried between outside a sand inside of cell

54
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier

Permeable

A

Will go across membrane

54
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier

Impermeable

A

Will not cross the membrane

54
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier

Semi permeable (differentially permeable, selectively permeable)

A

Some cross some don’t (homeostasis)

54
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane

Simple diffusion

A

Moves molecules from high to low concentration (no added energy) oxygen, carbon dioxide, monoxide

56
Q

Cell types:

Prokaryote

A

Single celled organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria

56
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion through a transport protein, it’s a helper, charge or large

56
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane

Active transport

A

Against the gradient, low to high concentration, add energy or ATP

56
Q

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of H2O across a semipermeable membrane

56
Q

Cell structures: Prokaryote

Prokaryote

A

Bacteria

56
Q

Cell structures: Prokaryote

Cell wall

A

Layer of polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria

56
Q

Cell structures: Prokaryote

Plasma membrane

A

A microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

56
Q

Cell structures: Prokaryote

Nucleoide

A

A irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. It is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

56
Q

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Eukaryote

A

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria. Double membrane

Biology 160 (2 decks)

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