Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Examining the effect of a drug court program on offenders’ drug use in order to make a recommendation as to whether more states should establish drug courts is an example of:

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A researcher wants to examine the role that girls have in the social structure of a gang. She wants to observe the gang and hear how girls talk about the experience of being a gang member. When collecting data, she is most likely to use what type of method?

A

Qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True experiments must have:

A

True experiments must have all of the following elements: independent and dependent variables, a pre-test and post-test and experimental and control groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Quantitative research is more scientific than qualitative research.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For the hypothesis “if gun control laws are stricter, crime will decrease,” ____________ is the independent variable and _____________ is the dependent variable.

A

Strength of gun control laws, criminal activity level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

It is not necessary to an experiment that the theory be falsifiable.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The dependent variable is hypothesized to influence the independent variable.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most universities require researchers to have all research involving human subjects authorized by the:

A

institutional review board

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The institutional review board (IRB) reviews all research carried out with federal funding even if it does not involve human subjects

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

One way to maintain openness and honesty in research is to describe research procedures in published studies

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Operationalization is the process of:

A

specifying the operations that will be used to indicate the value of a variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______________means all of the variable’s attributes or values can be classified into one of the

A

mutually exclusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An evaluation of a prevention program includes the statement that “the average delinquency of adolescents was reduced by 33% during the time of the study.” If this statement is literally true, the level of measurement of delinquency in the study was at least:

A

dichotomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Variables are created when concepts are operationalized.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If an instrument is valid and reliable in one setting, then it will be reliable and valid in all settings.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

For a study on the health problems of drug users, a random sample of New York City high school students is drawn. A low level of health problems is found. Jim argues that the findings are generalizable to New York City high school students because they were based on a random sample. Meagan argues that the findings are not generalizable to high school students outside of New York City. How would you evaluate their positions?

A

Both claims concerning sample and cross-population generizability are correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When all units in the population are identical or resources are unlimited:

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

You have been asked to draw 400 cases from a population of 6,000. You decide on a systematic random sampling strategy. The sampling interval is:

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A list of elements from which a sample is to be selected is termed a:

A

sampling frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following is a nonprobability sampling method?

A

cluster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In a true simple random sample, the probability of selection:

A

unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In proportionate stratified random samples, the probability of selection is:

A

equal between males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most gang members are male. In order to obtain an equal number of male and female gang members, a researcher should use a:

A

Disproportionate quota sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The National Crime Victimization Survey selects subjects by identifying rural counties or metropolitan areas as primary sampling units, then chooses geographic regions within these units, and then chooses addresses within the geographic regions. This is an example of:

A

Multistage cluster sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which of the following circumstances makes disproportionate stratified random sampling more appropriate?

A

A concern with small groups in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A researcher obtains a list of all prisons in the United States. She draws a random sample of 75 of the prisons on this list. She then obtains a list of all inmates from the warden at each of the 75 prisons and interviews a random sample of 30 inmates at each prison. This is a:

A

Multi stage cluster sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A researcher randomly selects 4 days out of 1 month to interview participants of a drug treatment program. The researcher will ask for volunteers in each group session. This sampling design is

A

Availability Sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

To study organized crime, a researcher is able to interview leading members of organized crime families. During these interviews, she requests the names of leading members of other organized crime families. She interviews these other leaders, asks them for additional leaders’ names, and continues in this manner until she has interviewed 45 members from 19 different families. Her sampling method is:

A

Snowball sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The more heterogeneous the population, the less confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of any particular size.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A sample is the entire set of elements in which a researcher is interested.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A study is conducted of a population that is small enough that the entire population can be examined. This study would be considered a census.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Two studies test a hypothesis about the association between crime and drug use. Study A uses a cross- sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that crime increases drug use. Adults are surveyed and asked about their levels of drug use and criminal behavior. Study B uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that juvenile delinquency causes drug use. Adults are surveyed about their delinquent behaviors in adolescence and whether they are currently using drugs. With respect to the two studies:

A

Study B does a better job of meeting criteria for establishing causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

An experimental study has found that alcoholics who attend peer group meetings are more successful in reducing their consumption of alcoholic beverages than alcoholics who do not attend such meetings. In the conclusions to their report on this experiment, the researchers suggest that it will be important for future studies to determine whether the support group effect was due to the social support itself, the sharing of technical information, or the time taken up by the meetings. This suggestion reflects a concern with:

A

Causal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nonexperimental tests of causal hypotheses will continue to be popular because:

A

practical and ethical problems in randomly assigning people to different conditions preclude the test of many important hypotheses with an experimental design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Studies that involve data collected at two different points in time are termed:

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which of the following is not a requirement of a true experiment?

A

what is required: must meet all these Random selection of subjects
Use of control groups
Random assignments to control and experimental groups
Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In which nonexperimental design is data collected at only one point in time?

A

cross-sectional design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When conducting an event-based study, follow-up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

A

b

39
Q

In order for a causal relationship to exist, the __________ variable must cause the change in the __________ variable.

A

indépendant variable must change the dependent variable

40
Q

All true experiments have a pretest but not necessarily a posttest.

A

false

41
Q

Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

A

true

42
Q

Time order is irrelevant in a true experiment.

A

false

43
Q

Which of the following is a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?

A

b

44
Q

Randomization in an experimental design allows for much stronger evidence of _____________ than is the case in nonexperimental designs.

A

cause and effect

45
Q

The key feature of an experimental design that distinguishes it from a quasi-experimental design is the:

A

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

46
Q

The key feature of a quasi-experimental design that distinguishes it from a nonexperimental design is:

A

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

47
Q

Before-and-after designs are distinguished from other quasi-experimental designs by:

A

randomly assigned participants

48
Q

In medical research, the placebo effect occurs when subjects:

A

feel as if they are experiencing some type of healing just because they are part of the experiment

49
Q

A Hawthorne effect occurs when:

A

b

50
Q

A researcher is testing the effectiveness of a new boat paddle by holding a race between two teams. When the control team realizes that it received traditional paddles instead of the new paddles that the experimental team received, the control team increases its efforts and wins the race. This is an example of:

A

b

51
Q

Which design has no comparison group?

A

non-experimental design

52
Q

In the process of conducting an experiment, a researcher administers a survey before the treatment is applied, in order to provide a baseline against which to judge the results. This survey is a:

A

Pretest

53
Q

Which of the following is not required for a true experiment?

A

what is required: must meet all these Random selection of subjects
Use of control groups
Random assignments to control and experimental groups
Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

54
Q

In which nonexperimental design is data collected at only one point in time

A

cross-sectional design

55
Q

When conducting an event-based study, follow-up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

A

b

56
Q

The features of true experiments meet all of the causal criteria except:

A

must meet all these Random selection of subjects
Use of control groups
Random assignments to control and experimental groups
Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

57
Q

In order for a causal relationship to exist, the __________ variable must cause the change in the __________ variable.

A

indépendant variable must cause change in the dépendant

58
Q

All true experiments have a pretest but not necessarily a posttest.

A

false

59
Q

Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

A

true

60
Q

Time order is irrelevant in a true experiment.

A

false

61
Q

Which of the following is a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?

A

b

62
Q

Randomization in an experimental design allows for much stronger evidence of _____________ than is the case in nonexperimental designs

A

cause and effect

63
Q

The key feature of an experimental design that distinguishes it from a quasi-experimental design is the:

A

b

64
Q

The key feature of a quasi-experimental design that distinguishes it from a nonexperimental design is:

A

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

65
Q

Before-and-after designs are distinguished from other quasi-experimental designs by:

A

randomly assigned participants

66
Q

In medical research, the placebo effect occurs when subjects:

A

when a person believes that he or she is receiving real treatment and reports an improvement in his or her condition

67
Q

A Hawthorne effect occurs when:

A

The Hawthorne effect occurs when subjects’ awareness of their participation in an experiment affects their behavior and therefore affects the results of the experiment.

68
Q

A researcher is testing the effectiveness of a new boat paddle by holding a race between two teams. When the control team realizes that it received traditional paddles instead of the new paddles that the experimental team received, the control team increases its efforts and wins the race. This is an example of:

A

b

69
Q

Which design has no comparison group?

A

before and after designs

70
Q

In the process of conducting an experiment, a researcher administers a survey before the treatment is applied, in order to provide a baseline against which to judge the results. This survey is a:

A

pretest

71
Q

Which of the following is not required for a true experiment?

A

Random selection of subjects
Use of control groups
Random assignments to control and experimental groups
Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

72
Q

Before-and-after designs have a pretest and a posttest but no comparison group.

A

true

73
Q

When experimental group members change because they feel special simply for being in the experiment, they are experiencing the placebo effect.

A

true

74
Q

A true experiment requires a pretest and a posttest.

A

true

75
Q

Random assignment eliminates systematic bias.

A

true

76
Q

True experiments must have only one experimental group.

A

false

77
Q

In survey research, a fence-sitter is defined as someone who:

A

people who see themselves as being neutral, may skew the results if you force them to choose between opposites

78
Q

What is the problem with the following survey question? “I support the new university policies regarding smoking and drinking on campus

A

Double-barreled

79
Q

What is the problem with the following survey question? “Using the responses provided, please state your level of agreement with the following question: I disagree with the Supreme Court’s decision not to overturn the ruling.”

A

double negative

80
Q

A researcher should not include a discussion of potentially harmful effects for participants in the cover letter.

A

false

81
Q

A local community hires a team of researchers to implement and evaluate a drug prevention program. After determining the needs of the community, the researchers suggest four successful drug prevention programs. The community selects one to implement. In their evaluations, the researchers critique the community for only selecting one drug prevention program rather than all four. The researchers further demonstrate that rates of drug use will only be affected if the community makes a more concerted effort in preventing use. The researchers’ final conclusion is that the community’s efforts to reduce drug use were not successful. These researchers conducted an evaluation of:

A

impact

82
Q

Many prevention programs are denoted as failures before they ever have a chance to demonstrate their effectiveness. This occurs, in part, because it takes a tremendous amount of time and effort to implement prevention programs. A researcher performs a meta-analysis of evaluations of prevention programs. Her main finding is that prevention programs are not effective. She finds, however, that they are not effective because they were evaluated too early, when they were not yet fully developed. Her key finding is that successful prevention will only occur after successful implementation. Her research was an evaluation of:

A

Process

83
Q

The strongest research design for assessing the impacts and outcomes of programs and other interventions is the:

A

True experimental design

84
Q

An evaluation of need should be performed before new social programs are developed rather than after.

A

true?

85
Q

Whenever possible, nonexperimental designs should not be used for evaluation research because they are “of almost no scientific value.”

A

true ?

86
Q

The process of checking data carefully for errors is known as:

A

data cleaning

87
Q

You enter a prison that has many inmates of varying ages. You must interview one inmate for a research project. This inmate should be just in the middle of the age distribution of inmates-that is, an inmate who is younger than half the other inmates and older than the other half. Which statistic should you use?

A

median

88
Q

Crime rates per 100,000 are calculated by:

A

What is the equation that the UCR uses to calculate crime rate? Number of reported Crimes, divided by the total U.S. population, times 100,000, will equal the rate per 100,000 residents.

89
Q

Crime rates are:

A

b

90
Q

Shortening or lengthening the vertical axis of a graph will obscure or accentuate the differences in the number of cases between values.

A

true

91
Q

The mode is the most frequent value in a distribution.

A

true

92
Q

The range is the most common value or the value around which most cases tend to center.

A

The Range is the difference between the lowest and highest values

93
Q

A researcher finds that as age increases, the number of crimes committed decreases. The relationship between the two variables would be classified as positive.

A

false

Research Methods (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions