Test 2

Question 1

Examining the effect of a drug court program on offenders’ drug use in order to make a recommendation as to whether more states should establish drug courts is an example of:

Answer 1

b

Question 2

A researcher wants to examine the role that girls have in the social structure of a gang. She wants to observe the gang and hear how girls talk about the experience of being a gang member. When collecting data, she is most likely to use what type of method?

Answer 2

Qualitative

Question 3

True experiments must have:

Answer 3

True experiments must have all of the following elements: independent and dependent variables, a pre-test and post-test and experimental and control groups.

Question 4

Quantitative research is more scientific than qualitative research.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

For the hypothesis “if gun control laws are stricter, crime will decrease,” ____________ is the independent variable and _____________ is the dependent variable.

Answer 5

Strength of gun control laws, criminal activity level

Question 6

It is not necessary to an experiment that the theory be falsifiable.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

The dependent variable is hypothesized to influence the independent variable.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Most universities require researchers to have all research involving human subjects authorized by the:

Answer 8

institutional review board

Question 9

The institutional review board (IRB) reviews all research carried out with federal funding even if it does not involve human subjects

Answer 9

false

Question 10

One way to maintain openness and honesty in research is to describe research procedures in published studies

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Operationalization is the process of:

Answer 11

specifying the operations that will be used to indicate the value of a variable

Question 12

______________means all of the variable’s attributes or values can be classified into one of the

Answer 12

mutually exclusive

Question 13

An evaluation of a prevention program includes the statement that “the average delinquency of adolescents was reduced by 33% during the time of the study.” If this statement is literally true, the level of measurement of delinquency in the study was at least:

Answer 13

dichotomous

Question 14

Variables are created when concepts are operationalized.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

If an instrument is valid and reliable in one setting, then it will be reliable and valid in all settings.

Answer 15

false

Question 16

For a study on the health problems of drug users, a random sample of New York City high school students is drawn. A low level of health problems is found. Jim argues that the findings are generalizable to New York City high school students because they were based on a random sample. Meagan argues that the findings are not generalizable to high school students outside of New York City. How would you evaluate their positions?

Answer 16

Both claims concerning sample and cross-population generizability are correct

Question 17

When all units in the population are identical or resources are unlimited:

Answer 17

b

Question 18

You have been asked to draw 400 cases from a population of 6,000. You decide on a systematic random sampling strategy. The sampling interval is:

Answer 18

b

Question 19

A list of elements from which a sample is to be selected is termed a:

Answer 19

sampling frame

Question 20

Which of the following is a nonprobability sampling method?

Answer 20

cluster

Question 21

In a true simple random sample, the probability of selection:

Answer 21

unknown

Question 22

In proportionate stratified random samples, the probability of selection is:

Answer 22

equal between males and females

Question 23

Most gang members are male. In order to obtain an equal number of male and female gang members, a researcher should use a:

Answer 23

Disproportionate quota sampling

Question 24

The National Crime Victimization Survey selects subjects by identifying rural counties or metropolitan areas as primary sampling units, then chooses geographic regions within these units, and then chooses addresses within the geographic regions. This is an example of:

Answer 24

Multistage cluster sampling

Question 25

Which of the following circumstances makes disproportionate stratified random sampling more appropriate?

Answer 25

A concern with small groups in the population

Question 26

A researcher obtains a list of all prisons in the United States. She draws a random sample of 75 of the prisons on this list. She then obtains a list of all inmates from the warden at each of the 75 prisons and interviews a random sample of 30 inmates at each prison. This is a:

Answer 26

Multi stage cluster sampling

Question 27

A researcher randomly selects 4 days out of 1 month to interview participants of a drug treatment program. The researcher will ask for volunteers in each group session. This sampling design is

Answer 27

Availability Sample

Question 28

To study organized crime, a researcher is able to interview leading members of organized crime families. During these interviews, she requests the names of leading members of other organized crime families. She interviews these other leaders, asks them for additional leaders' names, and continues in this manner until she has interviewed 45 members from 19 different families. Her sampling method is:

Answer 28

Snowball sampling

Question 29

The more heterogeneous the population, the less confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of any particular size.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

A sample is the entire set of elements in which a researcher is interested.

Answer 30

false

Question 31

A study is conducted of a population that is small enough that the entire population can be examined. This study would be considered a census.

Answer 31

b

Question 32

Two studies test a hypothesis about the association between crime and drug use. Study A uses a cross- sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that crime increases drug use. Adults are surveyed and asked about their levels of drug use and criminal behavior. Study B uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that juvenile delinquency causes drug use. Adults are surveyed about their delinquent behaviors in adolescence and whether they are currently using drugs. With respect to the two studies:

Answer 32

Study B does a better job of meeting criteria for establishing causality

Question 33

An experimental study has found that alcoholics who attend peer group meetings are more successful in reducing their consumption of alcoholic beverages than alcoholics who do not attend such meetings. In the conclusions to their report on this experiment, the researchers suggest that it will be important for future studies to determine whether the support group effect was due to the social support itself, the sharing of technical information, or the time taken up by the meetings. This suggestion reflects a concern with:

Answer 33

Causal mechanisms

Question 34

Nonexperimental tests of causal hypotheses will continue to be popular because:

Answer 34

practical and ethical problems in randomly assigning people to different conditions preclude the test of many important hypotheses with an experimental design

Question 35

Studies that involve data collected at two different points in time are termed:

Answer 35

b

Question 36

Which of the following is not a requirement of a true experiment?

Answer 36

what is required: must meet all these Random selection of subjects Use of control groups Random assignments to control and experimental groups Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

Question 37

In which nonexperimental design is data collected at only one point in time?

Answer 37

cross-sectional design

Question 38

When conducting an event-based study, follow-up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

Answer 38

b

Question 39

In order for a causal relationship to exist, the __________ variable must cause the change in the __________ variable.

Answer 39

indépendant variable must change the dependent variable

Question 40

All true experiments have a pretest but not necessarily a posttest.

Answer 40

false

Question 41

Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

Time order is irrelevant in a true experiment.

Answer 42

false

Question 43

Which of the following is a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?

Answer 43

b

Question 44

Randomization in an experimental design allows for much stronger evidence of _____________ than is the case in nonexperimental designs.

Answer 44

cause and effect

Question 45

The key feature of an experimental design that distinguishes it from a quasi-experimental design is the:

Answer 45

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

Question 46

The key feature of a quasi-experimental design that distinguishes it from a nonexperimental design is:

Answer 46

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

Question 47

Before-and-after designs are distinguished from other quasi-experimental designs by:

Answer 47

randomly assigned participants

Question 48

In medical research, the placebo effect occurs when subjects:

Answer 48

feel as if they are experiencing some type of healing just because they are part of the experiment

Question 49

A Hawthorne effect occurs when:

Answer 49

b

Question 50

A researcher is testing the effectiveness of a new boat paddle by holding a race between two teams. When the control team realizes that it received traditional paddles instead of the new paddles that the experimental team received, the control team increases its efforts and wins the race. This is an example of:

Answer 50

b

Question 51

Which design has no comparison group?

Answer 51

non-experimental design

Question 52

In the process of conducting an experiment, a researcher administers a survey before the treatment is applied, in order to provide a baseline against which to judge the results. This survey is a:

Answer 52

Pretest

Question 53

Which of the following is not required for a true experiment?

Answer 53

what is required: must meet all these Random selection of subjects Use of control groups Random assignments to control and experimental groups Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

Question 54

In which nonexperimental design is data collected at only one point in time

Answer 54

cross-sectional design

Question 55

When conducting an event-based study, follow-up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

Answer 55

b

Question 56

The features of true experiments meet all of the causal criteria except:

Answer 56

must meet all these Random selection of subjects Use of control groups Random assignments to control and experimental groups Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

Question 57

In order for a causal relationship to exist, the __________ variable must cause the change in the __________ variable.

Answer 57

indépendant variable must cause change in the dépendant

Question 58

All true experiments have a pretest but not necessarily a posttest.

Answer 58

false

Question 59

Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

Answer 59

true

Question 60

Time order is irrelevant in a true experiment.

Answer 60

false

Question 61

Which of the following is a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?

Answer 61

b

Question 62

Randomization in an experimental design allows for much stronger evidence of _____________ than is the case in nonexperimental designs

Answer 62

cause and effect

Question 63

The key feature of an experimental design that distinguishes it from a quasi-experimental design is the:

Answer 63

b

Question 64

The key feature of a quasi-experimental design that distinguishes it from a nonexperimental design is:

Answer 64

A comparison group comparable to the treatment group in critical ways

Question 65

Before-and-after designs are distinguished from other quasi-experimental designs by:

Answer 65

randomly assigned participants

Question 66

In medical research, the placebo effect occurs when subjects:

Answer 66

when a person believes that he or she is receiving real treatment and reports an improvement in his or her condition

Question 67

A Hawthorne effect occurs when:

Answer 67

The Hawthorne effect occurs when subjects’ awareness of their participation in an experiment affects their behavior and therefore affects the results of the experiment.

Question 68

A researcher is testing the effectiveness of a new boat paddle by holding a race between two teams. When the control team realizes that it received traditional paddles instead of the new paddles that the experimental team received, the control team increases its efforts and wins the race. This is an example of:

Answer 68

b

Question 69

Which design has no comparison group?

Answer 69

before and after designs

Question 70

In the process of conducting an experiment, a researcher administers a survey before the treatment is applied, in order to provide a baseline against which to judge the results. This survey is a:

Answer 70

pretest

Question 71

Which of the following is not required for a true experiment?

Answer 71

Random selection of subjects Use of control groups Random assignments to control and experimental groups Random assignment of groups to control and experimental conditions

Question 72

Before-and-after designs have a pretest and a posttest but no comparison group.

Answer 72

true

Question 73

When experimental group members change because they feel special simply for being in the experiment, they are experiencing the placebo effect.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

A true experiment requires a pretest and a posttest.

Answer 74

true

Question 75

Random assignment eliminates systematic bias.

Answer 75

true

Question 76

True experiments must have only one experimental group.

Answer 76

false

Question 77

In survey research, a fence-sitter is defined as someone who:

Answer 77

people who see themselves as being neutral, may skew the results if you force them to choose between opposites

Question 78

What is the problem with the following survey question? "I support the new university policies regarding smoking and drinking on campus

Answer 78

Double-barreled

Question 79

What is the problem with the following survey question? "Using the responses provided, please state your level of agreement with the following question: I disagree with the Supreme Court's decision not to overturn the ruling."

Answer 79

double negative

Question 80

A researcher should not include a discussion of potentially harmful effects for participants in the cover letter.

Answer 80

false

Question 81

A local community hires a team of researchers to implement and evaluate a drug prevention program. After determining the needs of the community, the researchers suggest four successful drug prevention programs. The community selects one to implement. In their evaluations, the researchers critique the community for only selecting one drug prevention program rather than all four. The researchers further demonstrate that rates of drug use will only be affected if the community makes a more concerted effort in preventing use. The researchers' final conclusion is that the community's efforts to reduce drug use were not successful. These researchers conducted an evaluation of:

Answer 81

impact

Question 82

Many prevention programs are denoted as failures before they ever have a chance to demonstrate their effectiveness. This occurs, in part, because it takes a tremendous amount of time and effort to implement prevention programs. A researcher performs a meta-analysis of evaluations of prevention programs. Her main finding is that prevention programs are not effective. She finds, however, that they are not effective because they were evaluated too early, when they were not yet fully developed. Her key finding is that successful prevention will only occur after successful implementation. Her research was an evaluation of:

Answer 82

Process

Question 83

The strongest research design for assessing the impacts and outcomes of programs and other interventions is the:

Answer 83

True experimental design

Question 84

An evaluation of need should be performed before new social programs are developed rather than after.

Answer 84

true?

Question 85

Whenever possible, nonexperimental designs should not be used for evaluation research because they are "of almost no scientific value."

Answer 85

true ?

Question 86

The process of checking data carefully for errors is known as:

Answer 86

data cleaning

Question 87

You enter a prison that has many inmates of varying ages. You must interview one inmate for a research project. This inmate should be just in the middle of the age distribution of inmates-that is, an inmate who is younger than half the other inmates and older than the other half. Which statistic should you use?

Answer 87

median

Question 88

Crime rates per 100,000 are calculated by:

Answer 88

What is the equation that the UCR uses to calculate crime rate? Number of reported Crimes, divided by the total U.S. population, times 100,000, will equal the rate per 100,000 residents.

Question 89

Crime rates are:

Answer 89

b

Question 90

Shortening or lengthening the vertical axis of a graph will obscure or accentuate the differences in the number of cases between values.

Answer 90

true

Question 91

The mode is the most frequent value in a distribution.

Answer 91

true

Question 92

The range is the most common value or the value around which most cases tend to center.

Answer 92

The Range is the difference between the lowest and highest values

Question 93

A researcher finds that as age increases, the number of crimes committed decreases. The relationship between the two variables would be classified as positive.

Answer 93

false