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DUTEC 180 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Things to look at when starting to scan the chest (4)

A

size
axis of heart
location of stomach
solid or cystic mass

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2
Q

narrow fetal chest (2)

A

skeletal displasia

pulmonary agenesis

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3
Q

normal angle of the heart

A

35-45

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4
Q

simple chest cyst

A

foregut duplication cyst

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5
Q

complex chest cyst/mass (3)

A

CDH
CPAM
lymmhangioma

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6
Q

CPAM

A

congenital pulmonary airway malformation

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7
Q

solid vascular chest mass

A

CPAM

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8
Q

solid avascular chest mass

A

sequestration

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9
Q

location of sequestration

A

lung base

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10
Q

mass extending beyond chest wall

A

lymphangioma

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11
Q

any chest mass may cause ______ or ______

A

hydrops

lung hypoplasia

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12
Q

4 findings of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

cystic mass on left side
absence of stomach in abdomen
deviation of heart to the right
poluhydramnios

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13
Q

percentage of CDH that are “liver up”

A

85%

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14
Q

what should you calculate when you see CDH

A

lung to head ratio

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15
Q

lung to head ratios (LHR)

A

1.4 favorable prognosis

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16
Q

LHR is only valid for _____

A

liver up ratio

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17
Q

when is LHR most accurate

A

22-28 weeks

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18
Q

anomalies associated with CDH (6)

A 
CNS
cardiac
renal
spinal
abnormal chromosomes
syndromes
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19
Q

chromosomal abnormalities associated with CDH (4)

A

T18/13/21/9

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20
Q

What finding with CPAM most significantly changes prognosis

A

hydrops

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21
Q

CPAM findings

A

solid or cystic mass with arterial supply from pulmonary artery

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22
Q

why is it hard to see CPAM blood supply

A

flash artifact from heart

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23
Q

types of CPAM

A

1 - macrocystic (2-10cm)

2 - macrocystic with microcystic component (multiple cysts

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24
Q

type 2 CPAM associations

A

renal agenensis
pulmonary anomalies
diaphragmatic hearnia

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25
complications of type 3 CPAM (4)
mediastinal shift, lung compression, hydrops poluhydramnios from esophageal compression
26
bronchopulmonary sequestration
piece of lung tissue failing to connect to pulmonary arterial blood supply nonfunctional lung tissue
27
bronghopulmonary sequestration US findings (6)
``` solid mas blood supply from Ao echogenic triangular homogenous +- left side ```
28
how do you differentiate CPAM from sequestration
show blood supply
29
most common lung cyst detected prenatally
bronchogenic cyst
30
cause of bronchogenic cyst
abnormal budding of foregut
31
mediastinum
between lungs | contains heart, ao, esophagus, trachea and thymus
32
US findings of bronchogenic cyst (6)
``` mediastinal or in lung parenchyma usually small unilocular/simple no blood flow can compress esophagus ```
33
pulmonary hypoplasia
underdevelopment of lungs
34
causes of pulmonary hypoplasia (10)
``` chest masses CDH sequestration cyst/tumor pleural effusion oligo/anhydramnios PPROM genitourinary abnormalities narrow thorax skeletal dysplasia ```
35
pulmonary aplasi
absence of one or both lungs
36
differential for pulmonary hypoplasia
pulmonary aplasia
37
when is outcome better for pulmonary hypoplasia
after 19 weeks
38
US evaluation of face and neck. What should you evaluate? (7)
``` nose lips eyes forehead chin ears neck ```
39
what specific things are you looking for in coronal view of nose and mouth (3)
cleft lip cleft palate uvula
40
what do you see in midline sag view of face 3
nasal bone forehead chin
41
what measurements of the eyes should you take and in what view
axial orbital view size/lenses/distance binocular distance
42
what should you evaluate the ears for 2
length and location
43
what should the distance between the eyes equal
size of one eye
44
cleft lip/cleft palate types
1 - unilateral CL, no CP. upper only 2 - unilateral CL and CP 3 - bilateral CL and CP. premaxillary protrusion 4 - midline CL and CP. medial maxillary agenesis with flattened nose
45
most common type of CL/CP
2 - unilateral CL with CP
46
isolated CP
soft palate only
47
CL/CP associated are associated with what when accompanied by other anomalies 4
trisomies and syndromes T13 T18 polyhydramnios
48
type 4 CL/CP is most commonly associated with ______
holoprosencephaly
49
small chin
micrognathia
50
false positives for micrognathia
chin tucked down unto chest
51
micrognathia causes _______
polyhydramnios because baby can't swallow properly
52
aneuploidies/disorders associated with micrognathia 6
``` t13 t18 triploidy skeletal displasia Pierre Robin disorder Treater Collins disorder ```
53
partial or complete absence of mandible
agnathia
54
agnathia is associated with 2
triploidy | otocephaly
55
when can fetal tongue be seen
14 weeks
56
macroglossi
resting tongue protruding beyond teeth or alveolar ridge
57
macroglossia is associated with 2
t21 | backwith-weidemann
58
absent nasal bone is associated with 3
t21 t13 t18
59
what is often confused with nasal bone
skin
60
hypoplastic nasal bone measurements 3
11
61
dacrocystocele
nasolacrimal duct narrowing or obstruction
62
where is dacrocystocele seen
medial to eye
63
differentials for dacrocystocele
frontal/nasal encephalocele
64
hypertelorism
increased intraorbital distance
65
hypertelorism is associated with 6
``` mental retardation, anomalies syndromes clefts agenesis of corpus collosum anterior encephalocele ```
66
hypotelorism
decreased intraorbital distance
67
hypotelorism is often associated with
holoprosencephaly
68
microphtalmia
decreased size of eyeball
69
anophtalmia
absence of eyeball
70
cataract and presentation
clouding of lens in utero usually bilateral echogenic lens
71
cyclopia is associated with
holoprosencephaly
72
epignathus
teratoma from oral/nasal cavity or pharynx
73
most common origin of epignathus
soft palate
74
procedure of delivering epignathic babies
EXIT
75
findings in epignathus 14
``` normal NT elevated AFP rapid growth solid or solid/cystic jaw open hypertelorism splayed mandible exopthalmos cervical hyperextension polyhydramnios absent stomach hypervascular hydrops can invade brain ```
76
fetal goiter (thyromegally) 6
``` symmetric bilobed homogenous mass from anterior neck small or absent stomach is obstructs esophagus hyperextended neck poly ```
77
how do you prove thyromegally
PUBS | percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
78
facial dysmorphism 4
maxillonasal dysplasion | small/flat nose, convex upper lip, malocclusion
79
cranio-stenosis
premature ossification/closure of cranial sutures resulting in abnormal skull
80
TMC suture involved in cranio-stenosis and what it causes
sagittal | dllichocephaly
81
2nd most common suture involved in cranio-stenosis and what is causes
coronal | brachycephaly
82
closure of all sutures of the skull causes _____
cloverleaf skull
83
TMC syndromes with cranio-stenosis
crouzon and apert syndromes
84
TMC aneuploidy associated with cystic hygroma and others
turners t21 t13 t18
85
by the ______ week, embryo is a flat disk
5th
86
by _____ week, embryo is cylindrical
6th
87
normal herniation of bowel occurs between _____
8-12weeks
88
2 most common abdominal wall defects
omphalocele | gastroschisis
89
less common abdominal wall defects 5
``` ectopia cordis pantology of cantrell LBW complex amnion rupture sequence bladder and coacal exstrophy ```
90
when does omphalocele develop 3
with midline defect of abdominal muscle, fascia and skin
91
AC measurement with omphalocele
smaller
92
two types of omphaloceles
contain liver - less risk for abnormalities | without liver - more risk
93
gastroschisis and size
periumbilical defect with free floating bowel located to the right of umbilical cord 2-4cm
94
cause of gastroschisis
atrophy of RUV or distruption of omphalomesenteric artery
95
labs with gastroschisis
high AFP
96
complications of gastroschisis 3
ischemia bowel loss death
97
US findings in gastroschisis 5
after 12 weeks irregular, free gloating bowel without membrane right of UC small AC
98
LBW complex
attachment of visceral organs to placenta with short/absent cord
99
cause of LBW complex
failure of cranial and caudal folds to form
100
what side is LBW more common on
left
101
US findings of LBW complex 4
physical abnormalities of abdomen, chest, head, spine and limbs eviscerated organs tangled in membranes short UC baby "stuck" to placenta
102
5 findings in pentalogy of cantrell
``` ectopia cordis cardiac defect abdominal wall defect cleft distal sternum diaphragmatic defect ```
103
most important finding of pentalogy of cantrell
ectopia cordis
104
associated findings with pentology of cantrell 6
``` cranial/facial abnormalities hydrocephalus anencephaly cystic hygroma malrotated colon dysplastic kidney club feet ```
105
bladder extrophy
defect in lower abdominal wall and anterior urinary bladder where bladder is exposed and empties into amnion directly
106
presentation of bladder extrophy on US
bladder outside pelvis/abdomen but looks like soft tissue
107
situs inversus totalis
complete reversal of abdominal and thoracic organs - favorable outcome
108
partial situs inversus
reversal of abdominal OR thoracic organs | -less favorable outcome
109
abnormalities related to partial situs inversus
polysplenia and asplenia

DUTEC 180 (6 decks)

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