Test 2

Question 1

what are the functions of the bone and skeletal system

Answer 1

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral storage and release, blood cell production

Question 2

Bone tissue makes up about _____ percent of the weight of the human body

Answer 2

18

Question 3

Bone tissue stores about ____ percent of total body calcium

Answer 3

99

Question 4

This connective tissue produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Answer 4

Red bone marrow

Question 5

This bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which store triglycerides

Answer 5

Yellow bone marrow

Question 6

How many bones are in an adult skeleton

Answer 6

206

Question 7

These types of bones have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis (shaft) and a variable number of epiphyses or extremities (ends)

Answer 7

Long bones

Question 8

Are long bones straight or curved

Answer 8

Curved for strength

Question 9

What kind of tissue do long bones consist of

Answer 9

compact bone tissue (dense and has smaller spaces), but they also have some spongy bone tissue

Question 10

name examples of long bone

Answer 10

humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Question 11

These bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and depth

Answer 11

short bones

Question 12

what kind of bone tissue do short bones consist of

Answer 12

spongy bone, except at the surface where there is a thin layer of compact bone

Question 13

What are examples of short bones

Answer 13

carpal and tarsal

Question 14

these bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone

Answer 14

flat bones

Question 15

The layers of compact bone are called ______ (in flat bones)

Answer 15

external and internal tables

Question 16

In cranial bones, the spongy bone is referred to as _____

Answer 16

diploë

Question 17

Name examples of flat bones

Answer 17

cranial, sternum, and ribs, and scapulae

Question 18

these bones have complex shapes and cannot be groups into any of the three categories; they vary in the amounts of spongy and compact bone they contain

Answer 18

irregular bones

Question 19

Name some examples of irregular bones

Answer 19

vertebrae, certain facial bones, and calcaneus (heel bone)

Question 20

these bones develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression, and physical stress

Answer 20

sesamoid bones

Question 21

Which are the largest sesamoid bones

Answer 21

the two patellae

Question 22

where is the patellae located

Answer 22

in the quadriceps femoris tendon

Question 23

This is the bone’s shaft, or body– the long cylindrical main portion of the bone

Answer 23

diaphysis

Question 24

these are the extremities which are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

Answer 24

epiphyses

Question 25

these are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

Answer 25

Metaphysis

Question 26

In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains a _____

Answer 26

epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 27

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

Answer 27

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 28

When bone growth stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and the resulting bony structure is know as

Answer 28

epiphyseal line

Question 29

This is a think layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone

Answer 29

articular cartilage

Question 30

This is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is is not covered by articular cartilage

Answer 30

periosteum

Question 31

Its composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells

Answer 31

periosteum

Question 32

The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by ____

Answer 32

perforating fibers

Question 33

This is a hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

Answer 33

Medullary or marrow cavity

Question 34

This is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone-forming cells

Answer 34

endosteum

Question 35

These typically attach skeletal muscle to bone

Answer 35

tendons

Question 36

these typically attach one bone to another bone

Answer 36

ligaments

Question 37

this type of surface marking forms joints or allow the passage of soft tissues

Answer 37

depressions and openings

Question 38

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

Answer 38

Fissure

Question 39

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

Answer 39

Foramen

Question 40

shallow depression, usually associated with muscle attachments

Answer 40

fossa

Question 41

furrow along above surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve or tendon

Answer 41

sulcus

Question 42

tubelike opening

Answer 42

meatus

Question 43

this type of surface marking help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue

Answer 43

processes

Question 44

large round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of a bone

Answer 44

condyle

Question 45

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

Answer 45

facet

Question 46

usually rounded articular projection supported n the neck of a bone (the proximal side)

Answer 46

head

Question 47

prominent ridge or elongated projection

Answer 47

crest

Question 48

typically roughened projection above a condyle, smaller than a condyle

Answer 48

epicondyle

Question 49

long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)

Answer 49

line

Question 50

sharp, slender projection

Answer 50

spinous process

Question 51

very large projection

Answer 51

trochanter

Question 52

variable sized rounded projection

Answer 52

tubercle

Question 53

variable sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

Answer 53

tuberosity

Question 54

these develop as an osteoblast, undifferentiated meaning they haven't decided what they will form into

Answer 54

osteogenic cells

Question 55

these are bone-building cells, they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and initiate calcification

Answer 55

osteoblast

Question 56

These surround themselves with extracellular matrix; found n the periosteum of them bone cannot divide but they can become osteocytes

Answer 56

osteoblast

Question 57

these are mature bone cells, they are the mail cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism , they do not undergo cell division; maintain and monitor bone tissue

Answer 57

osteocytes

Question 58

compact bone is composed of repeating structural units called

Answer 58

osteons

Question 59

each osteon consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a _____

Answer 59

central canal

Question 60

Resembling the growth rings of a tree, the ______ are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal

Answer 60

concentric lamellae

Question 61

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called ____, which contain osteocytes

Answer 61

lacunae

Question 62

radiating in all directions from the lacunae are tiny _____ which are filled with extracellular fluid

Answer 62

canaliculi (think of them as connective bridges)

Question 63

What always has a vein by it and nerve

Answer 63

artery

Question 64

how many layers are there to the periosteum

Answer 64

2

Question 65

area between neighboring osteons contain lamellae called _____

Answer 65

interstitial lamellae

Question 66

these also have lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi; they are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth

Answer 66

interstitial lamellae

Question 67

blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through transverse ____

Answer 67

perforating canals

Question 68

The artery and vein must go through the ______ canal before it goes through the ____ canal

Answer 68

perforating; central

Question 69

arranged around the entire outer and inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone are lamellae called

Answer 69

circumferential lamellae

Question 70

the circumferential lamellae directly deep to the periosteum

Answer 70

outer circumferential lamellae

Question 71

the circumferential lamellae that line the medullary cavity

Answer 71

inner circumferential lamellae

Question 72

does spongy bone contain osteons

Answer 72

no

Question 73

lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns in spongy bones; spaces between the spongy bone

Answer 73

trabeculae

Question 74

not seen, but a vitamin deficiency in the bone tissue which makes it brittle

Answer 74

rickets

Question 75

bone tissue getting older or more mature similar to osteoporosis

Answer 75

osteomalacia

Question 76

is a diagnostic procedure that takes advantage of the fact that bone is living tissue

Answer 76

bone scan

Question 77

small arteries accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis through numerous perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone

Answer 77

periosteal arteries

Question 78

near the center of the diaphysis a large _____ enters the compact bone at an oblique angle

Answer 78

nutrient artery

Question 79

this is where the nutrient artery enters through a hole called

Answer 79

nutrient foreman

Question 80

these enter the metaphases of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses

Answer 80

metaphyseal arteries

Question 81

these enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply red bone marrow and one tissue of the epiphyses

Answer 81

epiphyseal arteries

Question 82

These do the opposite so they carry the blood away from the bone

Answer 82

veins

Question 83

these accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis

Answer 83

nutrient veins

Question 84

these accompany their respective arteries and exit through the epiphyses

Answer 84

epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins

Question 85

these accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum

Answer 85

periosteal veins

Question 86

the process by which bone forms

Answer 86

ossification

Question 87

Bone formations occur in what four principal situations

Answer 87

Initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus, the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, adolescence, until adult sizes are reached, remodeling of bone, and the repair of fractures

Question 88

bone forms directly within condensed mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes

Answer 88

intramembranous ossification

Question 89

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme

Answer 89

endochondral ossification

Question 90

what are examples of intramembranous ossification

Answer 90

flat bones of the skull

Question 91

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification

Answer 91

development of the ossification center, calcification, formation of the trabeculae, and development of the periosteum