Test 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the differences between sensing and perceiving?
A
Sensing is receiving signals from the outside world and sending them to the brain.
Perceiving is how you interpret those signals,.
2
Q
What are the 6 senses?
A
Seeing Hearing Touching Tasting (gustatory) Smelling (olfactory) Proprioception (Balance)
3
Q
Transduction
A
Converting stimuli into electrical impulses
4
Q
How is transduction shown in each sense?
A
Vision- Detecting protons
Hearing- Detects pressure waves in the air
Smell- Detects molecules in the air
Taste- Detects molecules in your food touching your tongue
Touch- Pressure and hear sensitive cells on skin
Balance- Movement-sensitive hairs in the ears
5
Q
What are the different types of transduction?
A
1) Photoreaction- the reaction of a chemical in a nerve cell (basis of vision)
2) Molecular Reactions- sensitive to molecules around us (taste, smell)
3) Mechanical- Physical movement
6
Q
Which sense doesn’t go through the thalamus?
A
Smell (olfactory)
7
Q
Where do the seeing signals go?
A
The Optic Nerve –>Thalamus –> Occipital Lobe
8
Q
Where do the hearing signals go?
A
The Cochlear Nerve –>Thalamus –> Temporal Lobe
9
Q
Where do the smelling signals go?
A
The Olfactory Nerve –> The Limbic System
10
Q
Where do the tasting signals go?
A
The Gustatory Nerve –>Thalamus –> Frontal Lobe
11
Q
Where do the skin signals go?
A
The Sensory Nerve –>Thalamus –> Parietal Lobe
12
Q
Where do the balance signals go?
A
The Vestibular Nerve –>Thalamus –> Cerebellum
13
Q
Psychophysics
A
Studies the effect of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states
14
Q
What is absolute threshold?
A
The minimum intensity of a stimuli when it can be perceived
15
Q
What is Signal Detection Analysis?
A
A technique that tells if a person can tell the good signals from the background. (Xs, Ls)
16
Q
What is difference threshold?
A
The change in stimulus that can just barely be detected
17
Q
Weber’s Law
A
the more you have the less a small change is noticeable (1lbs vs 2lbs and 51lbs vs 52lbs)
18
Q
Electromagnetic energy
A
Energy waves that carry energy from place to place
19
Q
Wavelength
A
The distance from 1 peak to the next
20
Q
What is the visible spectrum in nm?
A
400-700nm
21
Q
Cornea
A
The clear covering that protects the eye
22
Q
Pupil
A
Small opening in the center of the eye
23
Q
Lens
A
Focuses light
24
Q
Iris
A
Colored part of the eye, changes the size of the pupil
25
Retina
Layer of tissue that contains photoreceptor cells
26
Accommodation
Changing the curve of the lens so the light stays focused
27
Nearsightedness
Light is focused in front of the retina
28
Farsighted
Light is focused behind the retina
29
Optic Nerve
Send visual information to the brain
30
Rods
Black and white
31
Cones
Color and fine detail
32
Foeva
The center of the eye
33
Detector neurons
Respond to strength, angles, shapes, edges, and the movement of the visual stimulus
34
Hue
The shade of the color, wavelength
35
Brightness
Height of the wave, amplitude, higher=brighter
36
What are the three types of cones?
```
Red light (long wavelength)
Green light (medium wavelength)
Blue light (short wavelength)
```
37
What is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromic Color Theory?
Mixing the signals from the cones
38
What is the Opponent-Process Color Theory?
We analyze sensory information in three sets of "opponent colors": red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
39
Gestalt
A meaningfully organized whole
| "Whole is more than sum of the parts"
40
Figure and Ground
We structure input such that we see a figure (image) against a ground (background)
Ex: Face Vase
41
Similarity
Stimuli that are similar to each other, tend to be ground together
Ex: rows vs. columns
42
Proximity
Grouping nearby figures together
| Ex: 4 pictures vs, 8 pictures
43
Continuity
Perceive stimuli in smooth continuous ways
44
Closure
Filling in gaps in an incomplete image, to make it complete
45
Depth Perception
The ability to perceive 3D space and accurately judge distances
46
Binocular depth cues
Depth cues that are created by retinal image disparity, coordination of both eyes
47
Convergence
The inward turning of our eyes to focus
48
Monocular depth cues
Perceive depth with one eye
49
Apparent motion
The cues our brain uses to perceive motion
50
Phi phenomenon
At the right speed, brain creates a blur that seems to move back and forth between 2 circles
51
Pinna
External/visible part of the ear
52
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Stretched, highly sensitive membrane
53
What is the order that sound travels from the outside to the inside?
```
Outside air
Pinna
Auditory canal
Eardrum
bones (malleus, incus, stapes)
Oval window
Cochlea
Auditory nerve
Auditory cortex
```
54
Oval Window
Membrane covering the cochlea
55
Frequency
Pitch=Frequency
| Measured in HZ
56
How is volume measured?
Decibles, Amplitude
57
What is the Frequency Theory of Hearing?
Whatever the pitch of a sound, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency will be sent to the auditory nerve
600hz--600 nerve impulses
58
What is the Place Theory of Hearing?
Sounds of different frequencies set off waves in the cochlea that peak at different locations along the tube that makes up the cochlea
Higher=opening
59
Stereophonic
3D hearing, sound on left side , left side hears it first
60
Conductive Hearing Loss
Due to physical damage to the ear
61
Sensorineveral Hearing Loss
Damage to the cilia or the auditory nerve
62
What are the 6 flavors your tongue can taste?
1) sweet
2) sour
3) salty
4) bitter
5) piquancy (spicy)
6) umami (savory)
63
Olfactory Pathway
In the upper nasal passageway
64
What are the 4 senses skin can feel?
1) pressure
2) hot
3) cold
4) pain
65
Proprioception
The ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts
66
Vestibular system
A set of liquid-filled areas in the inner ear that monitors head position and movement
67
Semicircular canal
Rotational movements
68
Vestibular sacs
Linear accelerations
69
What is gate control theory of pain?
Pain is determined be the operation of 2 types of nerve fibers in the spinal cord, smaller nerve carries pain from body to brain, second set of nerve fibers start/stop the flow of pain
70
Sensory interaction
The working together of different senses to create experience
71
What is the McGurk effect?
An error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched
72
Synesthesia
One sense triggers another sense
73
Selective attention
The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while others tuning out
74
Perceptual Constancy
The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation
75
Color constancy
Produced by perceptual system, taking sensory input and compensating for changes in light
76
Size constancy
Our eyes see objects that differ radically in size, but out perceptual system compensates this
77
What is the Mueller-Lyer Illusion?
Arrow with ends out looks longer than normal arrow
78
What is the Moon Illusion?
The moon appears to be about 50% larger by the horizon than the sky
79
What is The Hering Illusion?
Diagonal lines make a horizontal line look bent
80
What is The Ponzo Illusion?
Judging and object size based on its background
81
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experiences, solve problems, and to use knowledge to adapt to new situations
82
General Intelligence Factor (g)
Construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common
83
Specific Intelligence
A measure of specific skills in narrow domains
84
Fluid Intelligence
The capacity to learn new ways to solve tasks, decrease w/ age
85
Crystallized Intelligence
The accumulated knowledge of the world we have gained in our lives, increase w/ age
86
What are the 7 clusters of mental abilities?
1) Word Fluency
2) Verbal Comprehension
3) Spatial Abilities
4) Perceptual Speed
5) Numerical Ability
6) Inductive Reasoning
7) Memory
87
Standardization
Giving a test to a large # of people @ different ages and computing the average score at each age level
88
Flynn Effect
The observation that score on intelligence tests worldwide have increased over the past decades
89
Intelligence Quotient
A measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age
| IQ= mental age / chronological age *100
90
Reliability
When a person is assessed @ different times and each time they get about the same results with a 95% accuracy
91
Validity
The degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to
92
Achievement
What one has already learned
93
Aptitude
An ability to learn
94
Personal selection
The use of structural tests to select people who are likely to perform well at given jobs
95
Frequency distribution
How frequently each score appears in the group
96
Normal Distribution
How many people have each score on the IQ scale, or the scale for any other test or measure
97
Mental retardation
Generalized disorder for people who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced defects since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, about 1% of the USA
98
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder leading to mental retardation caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome, 1/900 births
99
Which gender is more likely to be considered mentally retarded, and why?
Males, because often the issue is on the X Chromosome so males are more susceptible.
100
Triarchic (three-part) theory of intelligence
People may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
101
Analytical Intelligence
The ability to discern or describe components
102
Creative Intelligence
The ability to discover and use new patterns
103
Practical Intelligence
The ability to organize, attend to detail, and follow through (street smarts)
104
Convergent thinking
Thinking that is directed toward finding the right area
105
Divergent thinking
The ability to generate many different ideas
106
Emotional intelligence
The ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions as well as to effectively control ones own emotions
107
Emotion regulation
The ability to control and productively use one's emotions
108
Entity Theory
Intelligence is determined by factors at birth at genetics
109
Incremental Theory
Intelligence can be changed through efforts to learn and excel
110
Stereotype Threat
Performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes
Ex:"Asians are smart"
Ex:Black people are not as intellectual as white people
111
What are the two parts of general intelligence?
Fluid intelligence
| Crystallized intelligence
112
What are the 5 most important factors in creativity?
```
Expertise
Imagination
Risk taking
Intrinsic interests
Supportive environment
```
113
What are Gardner's 8 multiple intelligences?
```
Verbal linguistics
Bodily- Kinesthetics
Musical -Rhythmic
Intrapersonal
Visual - Spatial
Interpersonal
Naturalistic
Logical- Mathmatical
```
114
What IQ score is considered mentally retarded
Below 70
115
What IQ is considered gifted?
Over 130
116
What is the difference between practice and transfer?
Practice is doing something to get better at it
| Transfer is doing something to get better at something else.
117
What did the Bb2 article find?
That if you get training for your working memory, you can get better at a different task
118
After ______ days there was no statistically significant increase in the Bb2 article
17. Before that it was statistically significant
