Test 2 Flashcards by Tatum Heeres

The focusing of light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina

Accommodation

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A visual problem in which the light waves from nearby objects are focused behind the retina during the images of these objects

farsightedness

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A theory of color vision which assumes that there are three types of cones each activated only by wavelength ranges of light corresponding roughly to blue green and red

Trichromatic Theory

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The brains you some knowledge of beliefs and expectations to interpret sensory information

Top down processing

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The Gestalt perceptual organizational principle that the brain completes incomplete figure stuff for meaningful objects

Closure

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Are sensitivity to unchanging and repetitive stimuli disappears every time

Sensory adaptation

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Hearing loss created by damage to one of the structures in the ear responsible for caring the auditory information to the inner ear

Conduction deafness

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The number of times a waveform cycles in one sec

Frequency

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The perceived magnitude of a stimulus is equal to its actual physical intensity raised to a constant power and this constant power is different for each type of sensory judgment

Steavens power law

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The minimum difference between two sensory stimuli detected 50% of the time

Difference threshold

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Wavelengths of light that when added together produce white

Complementary colors

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A theory of pitch perception which assumes that the frequency of the soundwave by the firing rate of the entire basilar membrane

Frequency theory

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A line or shape that is perceived to be present but does not really exist the brain creates it during perception

Subjunctive contour

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The perceptual stability of the size shape brightness and color for Familiar objects varying distances different angles and under different lighting conditions

Perceptual constancy

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The process by which the rods and cones through internal chemical changes become more and more sensitive to light in dim light conditions

Dark adaptation

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The amount of energy in a sensory stimulus is detected 50% of the time is called the

Absolute threshold

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If a person is using a very strict criterion for a single detection task the false alarm rate will be blank and the miss rate will be blank

Low, high

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According to Webbers law if C equals 1/50 then the difference threshold for a standard stimulus of 100 units would be

Two

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Red wavelengths of light are blank and Violet wavelengths of light are blank

Long, short

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The rods in the retina are responsible for blank vision and the cones are responsible for blank vision

Dim light, color

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According to the opponent process theory of color vision if you stared at a blue circle for a while and then looked at a white surface you would see a circular blank after image

Yellow

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Transduction of sound waves into neural impulses is performed by the

Hair cells in the basilar membrane

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The best explanation for how we perceive low pitches is the blank Theory and the best explanation for how we perceive high pitches is the blank theory

Frequency, place

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Perceptual set a good example of

Top down processing

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Which of the following is a binocular depth cue

Retinal disparity

What is the purpose of transduction

Translating physical energy into neural signals that the brain can understand

Damage to the hair cells in the Coachlea causes blank deafness and blank occurs when light waves from distant objects come into focus in front of the retina

Nerve, nearsightedness

Even though the image of your dog on your retina changes as your dog runs to fetch a stick you do not perceive your dog is getting smaller which process of perception explains this phenomenon

Perceptual constancy

Perceiving either a vase or two facial silhouettes looking at each other was used to illustrate the gestalt principle of blank perceiving two ambiguous characters numerically as 13 or alphabetically as B was used to illustrate blank

Figure and ground, contextual effects

Although Henry's watchband was bothering him when he first put it on a short while later he did not even notice he was wearing it this illustrates blank

Sensory adaptation

A classical conditioning procedure in which the condition stimulus proceeds the unconditioned stimulus but the two stimuli do not occur together

Trace conditioning

Hey stimulus that games it's reinforcing property through learning

Secondary reinforcer

In operant conditioning giving operant response in the presence of stimuli similar to discriminative stimulus

Stimulus generalization

The stimulus that comes to elicit a new response in classical conditioning

Conditioned stimulus

The finding that operand responses reinforced I'm partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforce on a continuous schedule

Partial reinforcement effect

A stimulus that is unpleasant

Aversive stimulus

Training an animal or human to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response

Shaping

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varries on each trial but averages to a set number across the trials

Variable ratio schedule

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the time that must be laps on each trial before response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials

Variable interval schedule

The application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior

Behavior modification

The desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement

Extrinsic motivation

Punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented

Positive punishment

The principal developed by Edward Thorndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated

Law of effect

A partial recovery and strength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training

Spontaneous recovery

The diminishing of the operant response when it no longer is reinforced

Extinction

In pavlovs classical conditioning research a tone was used as the blank and food inserted in the mouth served as the blank

CS, UCS

In classical conditioning the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called

Extinction

In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning the strength of the CR blank as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the blank increases

Increases, CS

In reinforcement the probability of a behavior blank and punishment the probability of a behavior blank

Increases, decreases

Negative reinforcement occurs when a blank stimulus is blank

Aversive , removed

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer

Food such as a cheeseburger

The stimulus and whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the stimulus blank in operant conditioning

discriminative

Peace work in a factory is an example of a blank schedule of reinforcement a slot machine is an example of a blank schedule of reinforcement

Fixed ratio, variable ratio

The Brelands difficulties and training animals were the result of blank

Latent learning

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer

Money, a money order, a check

The blank effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued

Over justification

A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates blank and a flat cumulative record indicates a blank

A fast rate of responding, no responding

The results of Bandera's Bobo doll studies illustrate blank and tolman and honziks studies of latent learning indicate the importance of blank and maze learning by rats

Observational learning, cognitive maps

Continuing to take advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of blank and no longer parking in a no parking zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is example of blank

Negative reinforcement, negative punishment

The principle that states that the cues both internal and external present at the time information is encoded into long term memory serves as the best retrieval cues for the information

Encoding specificity principal

A measure of long term memory retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval cues

Recall

The distributive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information

Retroactive interference

The visual sensory register at that holds an exact copy of the incoming visual input but only for a very brief period of time less than a second

Iconic memory

A meaningful unit in memory

Chunk

Long-term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences that requires a conscious effort to remember and that entails making decorations about the information remembered

Explicit memory

The inability to form new explicit long-term memories for events following surgery or trauma to the brain

Anterograde amnesia

A type of rehearsal and short-term memory in which incoming information is related to information from long-term memory to encode it into long-term memory

Elaborative rehearsal

Sapir your long-term memory for spay study versus massedd study

Spacing effect

Frameworks of knowledge about people objects events and actions that allow us to organize and interpret information about our worlds

Schemas

Explicit memory for personal experiences

Episodic memory

The theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the unavailability of retrieval cues necessary to locate the information and long-term memory

Cue dependent theory

An experimental procedure in which following the brief presentation of a matrix of unrelated consonants the participant is given an auditory Cue about which row of the matrix to recall

Sperling's partial report procedure

Our inability as adults to remember events that occurred in our lives before about three years of age

Infantile/child amnesia

A memory task in which the participant is given a series of items one at a time and then has to recalled items in order in which they were presented

Memory span task

Which of the following types of memory holds sensory input until we can attend to and recognize it

Sensory memory

Her short-term memory capacity is blank +-2 chunks

Seven

Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration

Sensory memory

Procedural memories are blank memories and thus are probably process in the blank

Implicit, cerebellum

Which of the following leads to the best long-term memory

Elaborative rehearsal

The primary and recency effect and freight recall demonstrate that we have the greatest difficulty recalling the words blank of a list

In the middle

Which of the following is not a pneumonic aid

Temporel integration procedure

An essay test measures blank and a multiple choice test measures blank

Recall, recognition

Which of the following theories of forgetting argues that the forgotten information it was in long-term memory but is no longer available

Storage decay theory

Piahets false memory of kidnapping attempt when he was a child was the result of a blank

Source misattribution

After learning the phone number for five star pizza Bob cannot remember the phone number he learned last week for the donut connection after living in Los Angeles for three years Jenna is unable to remember his way around his home town in which he had a live the previous 10 years prior to moving to LA Bob is experiencing the effects of blank interference engine is experiencing the affects of blank interference

Retroactive, retroactive

Per the levels of processing theory which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word in this practice test question today

How well does the word describe you

The forgetting curve for a long-term memory in EppingHaus relearning studies with nonsense syllables indicates that

The greatest amount of forgetting occurs rather quickly and then it levels off

And the Loftis and Palmer experiment participants were showing a film of traffic accident and then later tested for their memory of it defining that memory differed based upon the specific words used in the test questions illustrated

The misinformation effect

The results for the experiment in which word lists were studied either on land or underwater and then recalled either on land or underwater provide evidence for

Encoding specificity

Test 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)