Test 2 Flashcards
self-concept
self understanding
self-esteem
judgement about their worth
self-efficacy
experience yourself as capable of mastering a task or situation
Understand the concept of gender stereotype.
Gender typing refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural sterotypes
Review brain development (what is changing in the brain) in early and middle childhood.
Cerebellum changes- Importance for balance and body control and stronger connections form between cerebrum and cerebellum (more neurons develop myelin) Secondary function are memory improvements and planning
Reticular formation- Consciousness- more myelin and new connection
Hippocampus- (memory)- also helps to experience oneself in relation to space - more myelin and new synaptic formation
Corpus colosseum- More synaptic connection and myelin forming
*less growth in brain volume but change in particular regions, continued synaptic pruning *continue to see more activation in the prefrontal cortex *Executive Functioning improves
Know impact of exposure to second hand and third hand smoke for children.
Second hand smoke- 25% exposed to
Third hand smoke- (residue left of the clothing and furniture) - gives rise to cancer and respiratory problems
Understand “conservation”
lack of awareness that altering and object or appearance does not chance its basic properties
Understand “scaffolding”
refers to changing the level of support that is offered * not to little support and not too much it has to fit performance
*believed private speech was very important to help children solve behavior or self-regulation (self talk)
Understand “zone of proximal development”
range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with the guidance of adults or peers who are more experienced *range is important for cognitive development supporting these zones helps to push to the next level
authoritarian
tends to be punitive, and restrictive, tends to have firm limits and control on the child with very little verbal exchange (my way because I’m the parent) This style promotes spanking as a primary form of discipline*enforce rules without explanation *characterized by higher levels of anger toward a child (very likely to spank a child before they’re angry ( consequences - the direct message is it ok to be aggressive when they’re angry)
authoritative
Most successful Ideal- encourages child to be independent but limits and boundaries *allows verbal give and take *parents high on warmth and nurturing but keeps their boundaries * to address a child’s behavior helps a child to identify a better behavior *style promotes a positive behavior * parents are higher in self-control * High stress makes this difficult
uninvolved
parent who is not involved *other aspects of life are considered more important to the parent * children will develop poor self-control and not independent * children tend to be lower in self esteem
permissive
very involved but very few controls or limits/boundaries *Children will become very egocentric
Understand “coparenting” and benefits of coparenting.
is support that one parent gives to the other when raising a child. *on the same page but doesn’t mean they agree on everything *this becomes a challenge when parents are divorced/ have animosity
Distinguish phonics from whole language approach.
Whole language- reader is taught to recognize whole word, entire sentences, to guess at meanings of words, give a child a passage to read and let them use context to determine meaning
Phonics - basic rules for translating symbols into sounds, then give a child a passage to read
Review notes concerning the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16, it takes 45–65 minutes to administer and generates a Full Scale IQ (formerly known as an intelligence quotient or IQ score) which represents a child’s general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores (i.e., Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index) that represent a child’s abilities in more discrete cognitive domains
Review details about vocabulary growth in early and middle childhood.
gain about 9000 word by age 6. Children connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a breig encounter, a process called fast mapping
What are the roles of the hippocampus and corpus callosum?
H- vital role in memory and in images of spacial recognition
CC-large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres. Supports smooth coordination of movements of both sides
Review impact of low growth hormone (GH) and treatment for low GH.
Growth hormone- Genetics influence (released by pituitary gland) directly relates to most tissue growth except nervous system and genitals (growth hormone also is necessary for organ development)
Thyroid stimulating hormone - Released from the thyroid gland - prompts the release of thyroxine (brain development) (babies would need this immediately or they will have significant cognitive delay but like GH will generally catch up once receiving it)
Understand the reasons for increased balance in early childhood.
Cerebellum changes- Importance for balance and body control and stronger connections form between cerebrum and cerebellum (more neurons develop myelin)
Review the types of drawings we see in early childhood.
Fine motor skills 3 pinch objects to manipulate it improves (improvements dealing with small objects) *First efforts of writing and drawing
1 stage- scribbles (marks on a page, represents motion child is trying to mimic rabbits hopping vs dots)
2 stage - Pictures (Lines to make objects, people tend to be tadpole)age 5 draw head more proportional understanding depth. Kids tell a lot about emotional world through pictures. At age 3 letters aren’t different than pictures
Review characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage.
Word images and drawings is how children interact, start to reason.
Egocentric- not good at distinguishing their perspective from someone else’s (their world)
Animism- child’s tendency to give life like qualities to something that is inanimate
Centration- (Preschoolers vulnerable) toddlers tendency to center on one characteristic and ignore everything else- evidenced by a lack of conservation (lack of awareness that altering and object or appearance does not chance its basic properties) example equal water poured into a tall glass vs short glass, even if they saw it was equal water, they would say the tall glass has more water
*a child cannot yet perform operations (the ability to reverse a mental action that allows a child to do mentally what before they could only do physically) example - teach a three year old watch a block be removed that are able to understand one was subtracted but they are not capable without the physical stimuli’s to do the mental task
*preoperational children not yet efficient at organizing categories (hierarchical classification)
*Magical thinking/ belief - They think irrationally and believe it to be true this helps encourage imagination
Know gender differences in gross/fine motor skill development in middle childhood.
Boys -gross motor skill (running, climbing, riding a bicycle)
Girls- fine motor skills (shoe tying, fastening a button, gluing, hammering) *due to increased myelination
Understand the principles involved in Montessori education
Teacher acts more as a guide 1. respect for the child, 2. the absorbent mind, Montessori believed that children educate themselves 3. sensitive periods, 4. the prepared environment, and 5. auto education.
