Test #2

Question 1

Coarse Dispersion

Answer 1

Greater than 500nm

Question 2

Colloidal Dispersion

Answer 2

Less than 500nm

Question 3

Phase separation depends on:

Answer 3

Temperature and composition

Question 4

Common Solvents

Answer 4

• Purified water
• Alcohol
• Dehydrated alcohol
• Rubbing alcohol
• Glycerin
• Propylene glycol
• Oils

Question 5

Common Solutes include:

Answer 5

• Drugs
• Flavors and Sweeteners
• Colorants
• Preservatives
• Stabilizers

Question 6

Solutions include:

Answer 6

• Syrups
• Elixirs
• Tinctures
• Spirits
• Aromatic Waters
• Injectables
• I.V. Drug infusion
• Oral drug solutions

Question 7

Colligative Properties

Answer 7

• Osmotic pressure
• Vapor pressure
• Boiling point
• Freezing point

Question 8

Additive properties:

Answer 8

• Molecular weight
• Mass of a solution
• Volume

Question 9

Constitutive properties:

Answer 9

• Solubility

- Interfacial energy

Question 10

Properties of an ideal solution:

Answer 10

• Intermolecular bonding is equivalent
• No heat absorbed or evolved when mixed
• No change in volume when mixed
• Vapor pressure is proportional to molar fraction

Question 11

Raoults Law:

Answer 11

Partial pressure of a volatile solution is equal to VAPOR PRESSURE OF PURE CONSTITUENT (Po) * MOLE FRACTION (X)

Pi=PioXi

Question 12

Non-ideal solutions:

Answer 12

• In vapor: intermolecular interaction is negligible

- For real solutions (A-A, B-B, A-B) activity coefficient is 1

Question 13

High activity coefficient =

Answer 13

Weaker interaction with solvent

Question 14

Low activity coefficient=

Answer 14

Stronger interactions with solvent

Question 15

Activity =

Answer 15

Activity coefficient (Yi) * Mole fraction (Xi)

Question 16

Henry’s Law:

Answer 16

Psolute = kCsolute
k=Henry’s law constant
Csolute=Concentration of solute

Question 17

Dissolution Enhancement Methods:

Answer 17

• Gentle heating
• Particle size reduction
• Using solubilizing agents
• Using agitation

Question 18

Molarity:

Answer 18

Moles/liter

Temperature dependent

Question 19

Molality:

Answer 19

Moles/kilogram

NOT temperature dependent

Question 20

Percent by weight (w/w)%:

Answer 20

Grams of solute/100g of solution

Question 21

Percent by volume (v/v)%:

Answer 21

Milliliters of solute/100ml of solution

Question 22

Percent weight by volume (w/v)%:

Answer 22

Grams of solute/100ml of solution

Question 23

Ratio strength:

Answer 23

Grams/ml

Question 24

Pharmaceutical advantages of a salt compared to it’s parent drug:

Answer 24

• Solubility
• Bioavailability
• Physical stability
• Chemical stability
• Mechanical properties
• Ease of crystallization
• Taste
• Melting point

Question 25

Ph=pKa where on ionization curve?

Answer 25

At 50%

Question 26

At 1 unit above or below pH on ionization curve you are at:

Answer 26

91%, 9%

Question 27

At 2 units above or below pH on ionization curve you are at:

Answer 27

99%, 1%

Question 28

Solubility:

Answer 28

Amount of solute that can be dissolved in a unit volume of a solvent to for a saturated solution

Question 29

Unsaturated solution:

Answer 29

Solution with concentration below equilibrium solubility

Question 30

Supersaturated solution:

Answer 30

Solution that contains a solute at a concentration higher than that of a saturated solution *It is unstable - excess solute tends to leave solution in bubbles or crystals, etc...

Question 31

Intrinsic Solubility:

Answer 31

Equilibrium solubility of the drug molecule

Question 32

Apparent solubility:

Answer 32

Sum of all species of the drug in solution

Question 33

Solubility of a gas:

Answer 33

Concentration of gas that is in equilibrium with the pure gas

Question 34

Solubility of gases change with what?

Answer 34

- Decrease in pressure | - Increase in temperature

Question 35

What happens when you add an electrolyte like NaCl to an aqueous solution of a gas?

Answer 35

You decrease it's solubility - it salts out

Question 36

Activity of a drug can be thought of as:

Answer 36

Effective concentration

Question 37

What affects activity?

Answer 37

- Melting temperature | - Heat of fusion

Question 38

What does NOT affect activity?

Answer 38

-Solvent

Question 39

Does Hsoln depend on the solvent in the Van't Hoff equation?

Answer 39

YES!

Question 40

Does Hf in the Van't Hoff equation depend on solvent?

Answer 40

No!

Question 41

Can Hsoln in Van't Hoff equation be a negative value?

Answer 41

Yes!

Question 42

Can Hf in the Van't Hoff equation be a negative value?

Answer 42

No, it is always positive

Question 43

What do co-solvents do?

Answer 43

- Increase solubility of drugs with poor aqueous solubility | - Reduce the H-bond density of water

Question 44

What factors affect solubility?

Answer 44

- pH - Temperature - Solid form - Particle size - Solvent - Pressure

Question 45

Acidic drugs precipitate out where?

Answer 45

In the stomach

Question 46

Basic drugs precipitate out where?

Answer 46

In the intestine

Question 47

Drugs in a co-solvent precipitate out where?

Answer 47

In the blood

Question 48

Salting out:

Answer 48

Ions STRENGTHEN solvent structure to make it more difficult to insert drug

Question 49

Salting-In:

Answer 49

Ions WEAKEN solvent structure to make it easier to insert drug molecules

Question 50

Solubility of a drug depends on:

Answer 50

- Salt concentration | - Type of salt

Question 51

Effects related to Ionic Strength:

Answer 51

- Solubility (salting-in/salting-out) | - Activity of ions (Ksp of salt, pH of solution, etc...)

Question 52

The state of a solvent can be:

Answer 52

- Solid - Liquid - Super critical fluid - Gas

Question 53

True or False: Mole fraction and molality are both independent of temperature.

Answer 53

TRUE!

Question 54

True or False: For dilute aqueous solutions molarity and molality values are essentially equivalent.

Answer 54

TRUE!