Test 2

Question 1

What should you ask after an epidemic is detected? (3 things)

Answer 1

Who is getting the disease?
When/Where is the disease occurring?
Why may the disease be happening?

Question 2

What is Epidemiology?

Answer 2

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations.

Question 3

Scientific Process

Answer 3

1. ) Generate an idea (observation)
2. ) Develop a hypothesis
3. ) Test a hypothesis (using good scientific methods)
4. ) Develop a theory…test the theory

Question 4

Prevalence Rate

Answer 4

current cases/population….how many people have a disease at a certain time

Question 5

Incidence Rate

Answer 5

new cases/population/time frame….how many people are getting a disease in a certain time period

Question 6

Common infectious diseases that kill quickly

Answer 6

high incidence, low prevalence

Question 7

common infectious diseases that don’t kill but disable

Answer 7

high incidence, high prevalence

Question 8

rare diseases that kill quick

Answer 8

low prevalence, low incidence

Question 9

rare diseases that don’t kill but disable

Answer 9

low incidence, high prevalence

Question 10

Present to future

Answer 10

Prospective study (longitudinal)

Question 11

Looking to past to predict current

Answer 11

Retrospective (longitudinal)

Question 12

Observational process used to generate hypothesis

Answer 12

“Descriptive” Epidemiological studies

Question 13

Experimental process to test hypothesis

Answer 13

“Formal” Epidemiological studies

Question 14

What is used to generate a hypothesis?

Answer 14

Observational processes

Question 15

Describing what’s out there

Answer 15

Descriptive (form of observational)

Question 16

Determines what came first (order of events)

Answer 16

Longitudinal study

Question 17

Has a timetable

Answer 17

Longitudinal

Question 18

No timetable

Answer 18

Cross-sectional

Question 19

Does cross-sectional or longitudinal have more bias?

Answer 19

Cross sectional has more bias

Question 20

Does cross-sectional allow us to determine cause and effect?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Is cross-sectional easy to preform

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Group followed over a period of time

Answer 22

Cohort study (longitudinal)

Question 23

Is a cohort study prospective or retrospective

Answer 23

Prospective

Question 24

Most biased?

Answer 24

Cross-sectional

Question 25

Who selects the level of exposure in cohort studies?

Answer 25

The subjects

Question 26

Looking back to see what caused a disease

Answer 26

Case-control studies

Question 27

What are case-control studies good with?

Answer 27

Rare diseases

Question 28

Is case control retrospective or prospective?

Answer 28

Retrospective

Question 29

Odds ratio used for...

Answer 29

Case-control studies

Question 30

Relative Risk used for....

Answer 30

Cohort studies

Question 31

Who picks the level of exposure for case-control studies?

Answer 31

The subjects

Question 32

Bias associated with Randomized Control Trial

Answer 32

Dropout Bias

Question 33

Bias associated with Cohort

Answer 33

Selection bias (those that perform issue of interest may perform other issues)

Question 34

Bias associated with Case-Control

Answer 34

Selection and Recall bias

Question 35

What is random error (pure chance) associated with?

Answer 35

Chronic diseases and small sample sizes

Question 36

When true cause and effect is missed

Answer 36

False negative

Question 37

When there is thought to be a relationship, but there is none

Answer 37

False positive

Question 38

P-value

Answer 38

the probability that the observed result could happen by chance alone

Question 39

p=.60 means?

Answer 39

60% chance of error

Question 40

what is p-value influenced by?

Answer 40

quality of research data and if there is a true "cause and effect"

Question 41

a>p

Answer 41

Statistically significant

Question 42

a

Answer 42

NOT statistically significant

Question 43

Small p-value usually means...

Answer 43

Statistically significant

Question 44

What is power?

Answer 44

probability of finding an effect if a true cause and effect does exist

Question 45

How to increase power?

Answer 45

Increase sample size and have more accurate measures

Question 46

Definitely know if it is a case, but some may be missed

Answer 46

Specific test

Question 47

Definitely identify all positive cases, but some extras

Answer 47

Sensitive test

Question 48

Increasing sensitivity will do what?

Answer 48

Decrease false negatives

Question 49

Increasing specificity will do what?

Answer 49

Decrease false positives

Question 50

What does a 95% CI mean?

Answer 50

95% confident predicted # is in the range

Question 51

What is used to compare two continuous variables in 1 group?

Answer 51

Correlation (r=%related)

Question 52

What is used to compare one continuous variable between 2 groups?

Answer 52

T-test

Question 53

What is used to compare one continuous variable between multiple groups?

Answer 53

ANOVA

Question 54

What is used to compare one categorical variable between 2 groups?

Answer 54

Chi-Square

Question 55

What is used to compare multiple variables to a single continuous variable?

Answer 55

Multiple regression

Question 56

What is used to compare multiple variables to a single categorical variable?

Answer 56

Logistic regression

Question 57

Years of life lost from doing a certain behavior

Answer 57

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

Question 58

Allows us to know the health status of our community

Answer 58

NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics)

Question 59

Is NHANES (National Health and Nutritional Examination Study) self reported or direct observation?

Answer 59

Direct observation of physiological data

Question 60

Is NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) self reported or direct observation?

Answer 60

Self reported thru phone survey of about 50,000 people

Question 61

Is the BRFSS (Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System) self reported or direct observation?

Answer 61

Self reported

Question 62

What does the YRBS measure

Answer 62

behaviors of youth...supervised administration in class

Question 63

What is the MMWR

Answer 63

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. Weekly reports on current health threats/issues

Question 64

Are clinical trial prospective or retrospective?

Answer 64

Prospective and rigorous

Question 65

Relative risk compares what?

Answer 65

Disease rates (used for cohort studies)

Question 66

Odds ratio compares what?

Answer 66

exposure rate (used for case-control studies)