Test 2

Question 1

movement of water from ocean, to atmosphere, to land, and back to the ocean; sets the limit for how much water is available

Answer 1

Hydrologic Cycle

Question 2

areas nearest to the river’s course that are flooded periodically; soils are fertile as a result of frequent deposition of silt; good areas for agriculture

Answer 2

floodplain

Question 3

nutrient-rich edge of a water body; has rooted plants

Answer 3

littoral zone

Question 4

bottom of a body of water; has invertebrates

Answer 4

benthic zone

Question 5

open water, has photosynthesis

Answer 5

limnetic zone

Question 6

the soil is saturated with shallow standing water

Answer 6

wetlands

Question 7

shallow; plants grow above the surface

Answer 7

freshwater marshes

Question 8

shallow water in forested area

Answer 8

swamps

Question 9

ponds covered in thick floating mats of vegetation

Answer 9

bogs

Question 10

the amount of water falling as precipitation that flows off the land a surface and subsurface flow

Answer 10

runoff

Question 11

water in pore spaces in rock and sediments

Answer 11

groundwater

Question 12

uppermost layer of groundwater

Answer 12

water table

Question 13

a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater

Answer 13

aquifer

Question 14

warm water sinks, oxygen for deep organisms raises

Answer 14

downwelling

Question 15

rich fisheries; the rising of cold, deep water to the surface, rich in nutrients

Answer 15

upwelling

Question 16

a body of water in the hydrologic cycle

Answer 16

reservoir

Question 17

movement of water among reservoirs

Answer 17

flux

Question 18

southern oscillation; a shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation; decreasing air pressure in the eastern Pacific triggers it by suppressing upwelling on the America’s Pacific coast, which devastates fisheries and costs billions of dollars each year

Answer 18

El Nino

Question 19

every 3-5 years; stronger than usual trade winds push war water in farther west across the tropical Pacific; also, increased upwelling causes lower than average sea surface temperatures, so atmospheric pressure is higher, inhibiting cloud formation in the eastern Pacific Ocean and more storms occur over the western Pacific; dry, warm conditions over southern US and Mexico with wet conditions over SE Asia and Australia

Answer 19

La Nina

Question 20

edges of a river; have high biodiversity; is transitional between aquatic and terrestrial habitat; has shallow water tables and depends on floods to support their biological community

Answer 20

Riparian Zones

Question 21

using treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as industry, irrigation, etc

Answer 21

water recycling

Question 22

any process treating wastewater for reuse

Answer 22

water reclamation

Question 23

converts saltwater to fresh water; it uses a lot of energy

Answer 23

desalination

Question 24

1) O 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) C 6)R

Answer 24

Soil Structure

Question 25

soil rich in organic matter

Answer 25

O horizon

Question 26

soil made of inorganic material and rich in nutrients, but has organic matter too

Answer 26

A horizon

Question 27

soil made of clay particles and dissolved material

Answer 27

E horizon

Question 28

depositional soil layer

Answer 28

B horizon

Question 29

soil made of weathered plant material

Answer 29

C horizon

Question 30

bedrock

Answer 30

R horizon

Question 31

domestic crops mixed with wild species; also called intercropping

Answer 31

polyculture

Question 32

single crop that requires industrial inputs of fertilizer and pesticide

Answer 32

monoculture

Question 33

selective breeding increased crop yields throughout the world in the 1960s; created by Norman Borlaug, who said if you create hybrid seeds and use pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation, your crops will sky rocket; it's an expensive system though, so one company often controls the market and runs smaller farmers out of business

Answer 33

The Green Revolution

Question 34

the loss of soil to wind or rain

Answer 34

erosion

Question 35

exposes soil to wind and water erosion

Answer 35

conventional tillage

Question 36

removal of plant matter by livestock exposes soil to erosion

Answer 36

overgrazing

Question 37

clear-cutting used for logging

Answer 37

deforestation

Question 38

increases agricultural production in arid areas but it increases water demand

Answer 38

irrigation

Question 39

water from aquifers is brought up and evaporates, leaving behind salt, making the soil unproductive

Answer 39

soil salinization

Question 40

you take the genetic material out of one organism and put it in another organism; today we put bacteria DNA in plants to make them resistant to fungus or drought

Answer 40

gmo (genetically modified organism)

Question 41

deflects prevailing winds; flows to the right in the northern hemisphere, flows to the left in the southern hemisphere

Answer 41

Coriolis effect

Question 42

the upper zone of the ocean that receives light, so photosynthesis may occur; kelp forests grow in the northern latitudes, coral reefs in the southern latitudes

Answer 42

euphotic zone

Question 43

trawls and dredges, which are dragged over the sea floor or through the water column

Answer 43

mobile gear

Question 44

drift nets, seines, long lines used to fish

Answer 44

pelagic gear

Question 45

fishing gear which has been lost or discarded by fishermen may continue to function in the water as a fishing apparatus on its own, entrapping organisms and causing them to starve or drown

Answer 45

ghost fishing

Question 46

when the effects of catches and discards, as well as the effects on habitats, makes species to be harvested to the extent which impairs them from long-term viability

Answer 46

collapse

Question 47

a discrete subpopulation of a species, which is reproductively isolated from other species

Answer 47

stock

Question 48

the controlled, intensive production of aquatic resources; produces 40% of fish consumed

Answer 48

aquaculture

Question 49

individual transferrable quotas (ITQs) allocate the right to a share of the catch to the fisher; decreases competition between fishers

Answer 49

catch shares

Question 50

a management framework that incorporates interactions among marine organisms and fisheries as well as the ecosystem as a whole

Answer 50

Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF)

Question 51

primary law governing our marine fisheries; works to prevent over fishing, rebuild overfished stocks, increase long-term economical and social benefits and ensure safe and sustainable harvest; extends US jurisdiction from 12 to 200 nautical miles from shore and established 8 fishery councils with 10 national standards

Answer 51

Magnuson-Stevens Act

Question 52

artificial wetland ecosystems that treat wastewater and provide wildlife habitat

Answer 52

constructed wetlands

Question 53

the largest accidental oil spill in history; April 20, 2010; killed 11 and spilled 206 million gallons of oil over 89 days

Answer 53

Deepwater Horizon Spill

Question 54

a valve got stuck, so the coolant drained, but luckily the backup systems contained it, but it caused concern in the US

Answer 54

Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident

Question 55

a reactor explosion started a nuclear fire that burned for 10 days; after it happened, radioactivity stations detected radioactivity and traced it back to russia; there is now a concrete case surrounding the site

Answer 55

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

Question 56

an earthquake and tsunami damaged the nuclear plant and caused a meltdown; 80,000 people had to be evacuated; caused by the power going out, causing the plant to get really hot, but the rods did their job, but it took 9 months to cool down

Answer 56

Fukishima Nuclear Disaster

Question 57

energy which is replenished on a human timescale such as wind, rain, tides, waves, and solar; five main forms: sun, wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass

Answer 57

renewable energy

Question 58

solar energy that can just heat a structure

Answer 58

passive solar energy

Question 59

a panel with a fan that moves water through, so it heats the water for your house

Answer 59

active solar energy

Question 60

energy from light; in shingles and creates electricity; when you excite electrons, you get electricity

Answer 60

photovoltaics